Contents

• Foreword V
• Preface VII

CHAPTER NINE

RAY OPTICS AND OPTICAL INSTRUMENTS

• 9.1 Introduction 309
• 9.2 Reflection of Light by Spherical Mirrors 310
• 9.3 Refraction 316
• 9.4 Total Internal Reflection 319
• 9.5 Refraction at Spherical Surfaces and by Lenses 323
• 9.6 Refraction through a Prism 330
• 9.7 Some Natural Phenomena due to Sunlight 332
• 9.8 Optical Instruments 335

CHAPTER TEN

WAVE OPTICS

• 10.1 Introduction 351
• 10.2 Huygens Principle 353
• 10.3 Refraction and Reflection of Plane Waves using Huygens Principle 355
• 10.4 Coherent and Incoherent Addition of Waves 360
• 10.5 Interference of Light Waves and Young’s Experiment 362
• 10.6 Diffraction 367
• 10.7 Polarisation 376

CHAPTER ELEVEN

DUAL NATURE OF RADIATION AND MATTER

• 11.1 Introduction 386
• 11.2 Electron Emission 387
• 11.3 Photoelectric Effect 388
• 11.4 Experimental Study of Photoelectric Effect 389
• 11.5 Photoelectric Effect and Wave Theory of Light 393
• 11.6 Einstein’s Photoelectric Equation: Energy Quantum of Radiation 393
• 11.7 Particle Nature of Light: The Photon 395
• 11.8 Wave Nature of Matter 398
• 11.9 Davisson and Germer Experiment 403

CHAPTER TWELVE

ATOMS

• 12.1 Introduction 414
• 12.2 Alpha-particle Scattering and Rutherford’s Nuclear Model of Atom 415
• 12.3 Atomic Spectra 420
• 12.4 Bohr Model of the Hydrogen Atom 422
• 12.5 The Line Spectra of the Hydrogen Atom 428
• 12.6 DE Broglie’s Explanation of Bohr’s Second Postulate of Quantisation 430

CHAPTER THIRTEEN

NUCLEI

• 13.1 Introduction 438
• 13.2 Atomic Masses and Composition of Nucleus 438
• 13.3 Size of the Nucleus 441
• 13.4 Mass-Energy and Nuclear Binding Energy 442
• 13.5 Nuclear Force 445
• 13.6 Radioactivity 446
• 13.7 Nuclear Energy 451

CHAPTER FOURTEEN

SEMICONDUCTOR ELECTRONICS: MATERIALS, DEVICES AND SIMPLE CIRCUITS

• 14.1 Introduction 467
• 14.2 Classification of Metals, Conductors and Semiconductors 468
• 14.3 Intrinsic Semiconductor 472
• 14.4 Extrinsic Semiconductor 474
• 14.5 p-n Junction 478
• 14.6 Semiconductor Diode 479
• 14.7 Application of Junction Diode as a Rectifier 483
• 14.8 Special Purpose p-n Junction Diodes 485
• 14.9 Digital Electronics and Logic Gates 490

APPENDICES 500

ANSWERS 502

BIBLIOGRAPHY 518

INDEX 520

Courtesy: ncert.nic.in

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