Ideas of National unity in early 19th century Europe allied to the ideology of Liberalism :

Liberalism stood for freedom for the individual and equality of all before the law. Politically it emphasized the concept of government by consent .Since the French Revolution , Liberalism had stood for the end of autocracy and clerical privileges , a constitution and representative government through parliament .Nineteenth century liberals also stressed the inviolability of private property .

(To be assessed as a whole)

OR

U.S entry into the Vietnam war proved costly to the  Vietnamese as well as the Americans :

Both the sides faced high casualties, many died and wounded .Compulsory recruitment of the people in the armed services .Minorities and working class families suffered. Thousands of US troops arrived equipped with heavy weapons and tanks and backed by the most powerful bombers of the time

.Many became disillusioned with what the US was doing and writers such as Mary McCarthy and actors like Jane Fonda even visited North Vietnam and praised their heroic defense of the country. The widespread questioning of government policy strengthened  moves to negotiate an end to the war.

(To be assessed as a whole)

H-9

H-45,46

3

10

Reasons to launching Civil Disobedience Movement:

1.  Economic depression of 1930 .

2.  Arrival of Simon Commission without any Indian representative

3.  Vague offer of Dominion status by the British , failed to satisfy Indians .

4.  Decisions taken in Lahore session of the Congress in 1929.

5.  Tax on salt by Britishers.

Any three points to be explained. Any other relevant point.

H-62

3x1 = 3

11

Contribution of Gandhiji towards Satyagraha :

The idea of satyagraha emphasized the power of truth and the need to search for truth . It suggested that if the cause was true , if the struggle was against injustice , then physical force was not necessary to fight the oppressor.

battle through non violence. This could be done by appealing to the consciousness of the oppressor .People including the oppressors had to be persuaded to see the truth , instead of being forced to accept truth through the use of violence . By this struggle truth was bound to ultimately triumph . Mahatma Gandhi believed that this dharma of non violence could unite all Indians. Based on the above principle Gandhiji started non cooperation movement and later civil disobedience movement .

(To be assessed as a whole)

H-55

3

12

Three measures to minimize the environmental degradation by the industries in India :

1.  Air  Pollution

i. Particulate matter in the air can be reduced by fitting smoke stacks to factories .

ii. Smoke  can  be  reduced  by  using  oil  or  gas  instead  of  coal  in factories .

2.   Water Pollution

i. Minimizing the use of water for processing by reusing and recycling it in two or more successive stages.

ii. Harvesting of rain water to meet water requirement .

iii. Treating hot water and effluents before releasing them in rivers and ponds .

3.   Noise Pollution

i.    Machinery and equipment can be used and generators should be fitted with silencers .

ii.  Almost  all  machinery  can  be  redesigned  to  increase  energy efficiency and reduce noise .

iii. Noise absorbing material may be used apart from personal use of ear plugs and earphones.

(Any other relevant point.)

G-78

3x1=3

13

Physical and economic factors have influenced the distribution pattern of the Indian Railways Network:

1.  Northern Plains : Level land , high population density and rich agricultural resources provided the development of Railways in these plains. However a large number of rivers requiring construction of bridges across their wide banks posed some obstacles .