History

Aims and Objective:
1. To apprise the students of the complex procedure of construction of History, as knowledge of History is pre-requisite for better future
2. To encourage the students to explore various methods of under standing History.
3. To inform the students of historical facts and related areas and periods.
4. To encourage the student to study the past.
5. To apprise the student of the main incidents, of development works and their nature which have made the contemporary world.
6. To educate the students about the glorious past of India.
7. To point out the mistakes made in those periods so that they can he avoided in the future.
8. Through the study of independence movement the students should he encouraged to respect and preserve our independence.
9. To apprise the students about the historical heritage of M.P.
10. To apprise the students of the historical places with the help of maps and project work.

History (World History)

Unit-1 Introduction to World History
(i) Pre History of the World
(ii) Early Important river bank cultures of the world
a) Saraswati-Indus (Harappa) Civilization
b) Egyptain Civilization
c) Mesopotamian Civilization
d) Chinese Civilization

Unit-2
a) Important Empires and ancient cities.
(i) Mauryan
(ii) Chinese
(iii) Greeco Roman
b) Important ancient cities of the world – Taxila, Patliputra, Cairo, Alexandria, Babylonia.

Unit-3 Changing traditions
i. Feundalism in Europe up to 14th century.
ii. Formation of States after fourteenth century in Europe.
iii. Church and Society.

Unit- 4 Cultural changes in Europe up to 17th century
i. Renaissance.
ii. New geographical discoveries.
iii. New Scientific discoveries.

Unit – 5 Modernization of World
i. Agricultural Revolution.
ii. Industrial Revolution.
iii. Emergence of new classes in society.

Unit – 6 Colonialism
i. Rise of colonialism and imperialism.
ii. Early Settlements in America and their problems.
iii. Early Settlements in Australia and their problems.

Unit – 7 Resistance to colonialism in Asia
i. China – Opium wars and Boxer revolt.
ii. Japan – Economic growth and militarization.
iii. Peoples revolts against Britishers in India before 1857.

Unit – 8 Important Political revolution of the world.
i. Glorious revolution of England – 1688
ii. French revolutions of 1789, 1830 and 1848.
iii. Russian revolutions of 1905 and 1917.

Unit – 9 The two great wars and the world (Part 1)
i. World war – I
ii. Leage of Nations.
iii. Economic depression of 1929
iv. Fascism in Italy

Unit – 10 The two great wars and the world (Part 2)
i. Nazism in Germany
ii. World War – II
iii. United Nations

OBJECTIVES
1. The Course in geography will help learners familiarize themselves with the terms, key concepts and basic principles of geography.
2. Search for recognize and understand the process and patterns of the special arrangement of the natwap as well as human features and phenomena on the earth’s surface.
3. Understand and analyse the inter-relationship between physical and human environments and their impact.
4. Apply geographical knowledge and methods of ingiving to new situations or problems at different levels local/regional, national and global.
5. Develop geographical skills, relating to collection, processing and analysis of data/information and preparation of report including graphics and use of computers wherever possible and.
6. Clarify their personal values towards issues concerning the community and become responsible as well as effective members of the country.

Part – A Fundamentals of Physcial Geography
1. Geography :As a Disciplene 03 06
2. Earth 05 10
3. Landform’s Formation 08 16
4. Climate 12 24
5. Hydrosphere 08 16
6. Life of the earth 06 12
Part – B India : Physical Invironment
7. Physiography 10 20
8. Climate 10 20
9. Natural Vegetation and soil 08 16
10. Natural Hazards and disasters 05 10
75 150
Part – C Practical Geography
11. Fundamentals of Maps 08 16
12. Topographic and weather maps 07 14
(Record) – 05
(Viva) – 05
25 30
Grand Total: 100 180

Part – (A) Fundamentals of Physcial Geography :
Unit I. Geography as a discipline : An interoduction.
1. Geography as an integrating discipline. As a science of special attributes.
2. Meaning, Scope, branches, importance and relationship with other subjects.

Unit II. The Earth.
1. Origin and evolution of earth.
2. Formation of interior and exterior of earth.
3. Wegener’s continental drift theory and plate tectonics.
4. Earth quakes and volcanoes.

Unit III. Land forms formation.
1. Rocks and minerals- types and characteristics.
2. Internal geomorphic process, land forms.
3. External geomorphic process, land forms made from erosion, transportation and deposition by under ground water, glaciers, winds and water, soil formation.

Unit IV. Climate.
1. Atmosphere – composition and structure.
2. Insolation and temperature – Distribution, horizontal and vertical, factors controling them, heating and cooling of atmosphere; conduction, convention and terrestrial radiation.
3. Atmospheric pressure-winds-belts, planetary – season and local, airnmoses and fronts.
4. Precipitation – evoparation, condensation – dew, frost, fog, mist and cloud. rain fall- types and world distribution.
5. World Climates – Classification, green house effect, global warming and climatic changes.

Unit V. Hydrosphere (Water).
1. Hydrological cycle.
2. Distribution of water reservoires on earth surface.
3. Submarine relief.
4. Temperature distribution of oceans -horizontal and verticle.
5. Salinity – distribution and factors affecting it.
6. Movement of ocean water – waves, tides and currents.
7. Oceanic fauna and flora.
8. Effects of oceans on the human life.

Unit VI. Life on the Earth – Biosphere.
1. Importance of plants and other organisms.
2. Biodiversity.
3. Ecosystem; energy flow, ecological balance.
4. Effect of human activities on ecology.
5. Deterioration of resources and environmental pollution.
6. Bio- geo- chemical cycle.

Part – (B) India – Physical Environment :

Unit – VII. Physiography :
(i) Introduction – location and extent, space relations and india’s place in the world.
(ii) Geological structures and relief features, physical divisions.
(iii) Drainage systems – concept of water sheds and drainge systems Himalayen and the peninsuler.

Unit – VIII. Climate :
(i) Weather and climate – special and temporal distribution of temperture, pressure, winds and rain fall.
(ii) Mechanism of monsoon, on set and withdrawal, seasons,
(iii) Climatic divisions.
(iv) Elements affecting Indian climate.
(v) Effects of climate on human life.

Unit – IX. Natural Vegetation and Soils :
(i) Importance of natural vegetation.
(ii) Types of forests and their distribution.
(iii) Deforestation.
(iv) Measures of conser vation.
(v) Effects of human activites on vegetation.
Wild Life – Importance and conservation national parks & centuaries, bio -sphere reserves.
Soil – Meaning, formation, importance. types and characteristics, distribution, Causes of degradation, measures of conservation and management.

Unit – X. Natural Hazards and Disartars :
(i) Causes, Consequences and Management.
(ii) Floods and draughts.
(iii) Earth quakes and Sunami.
(iv) Cyclones.
(v) Land slides.
(vi) Management of hazards and disasters.
(One case study to be introduced for each topic)

Part – (c) Practical Geography

Unit XI. Fundamentals of maps:
(i) Maps – Types, uses and importance of maps, finding directions and use of symbols and colours in topographic and weathermaps.
(ii) Lattitude, longitude and time.
(iii) Scale – Types and their use.
(iv) Map projection – Typology, construction and properties of conical (with one standard parallel), polar equidistant and Mereator’s projection.

Unit XII. Topographic and weather maps.
(i) Different method of showing relief :
Contours, cross – sections, and identification of land forms – slopes, hills, valleys, water falls, cliffs, distribution of settlements.
(ii) Use of weather instruments: Thermometer, wet and dry bulb thermometer, barometar ,windvane, rainguage.
(iii) Use of weather charts; describing pressure, wind and rainfall distribution.
(iv) Aerial photographs and satellite images.
(v) Aerial photographs – Types and geometry – vertical aerial photographs. difference between maps and aerial photographs. photo scale determination
(vi) Satellite images – stages in remote sensing, data acquisition, platform and sensors and data products. (photographic and digilal)
(v) Inter pretation of physical and cultural features from acrial photographs and satellite images.