Contents

PART I

THEME ONE 1

• BRICKS, BEADS AND BONES
• The Harappan Civilisation

THEME TWO 28

• KINGS, FARMERS AND TOWNS
• Early States and Economies (c.600 BCE-600 CE)

THEME THREE 53

• KINSHIP, CASTE AND CLASS
• Early Societies (c. 600 BCE-600 CE)

THEME FOUR 82

• THINKERS, BELIEFS AND BUILDINGS
• Cultural Developments (c. 600 BCE-600 CE)

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विषय सूची 

आमुख  V

यह पाठ्यपुस्तक Vii.

1. सिल्वर वैडिंग (मनोहर श्याम जोशी) 

2. जूझ (आनंद यादव )

3. अतीत में दबे पाँव (ओम थानवी )

4. डायरी के पन्ने (ऐन फ्रैंक )

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विषय सूची 

आमुख  V

पाठ्यपुस्तक के बारे में Vii.

कविता खंड 

आधुनिकता 

जयशंकर प्रसाद

• देवसेना की गीत
• कार्नेलिया का गीत 

सूर्यकांत त्रिपाठी निराला

• गीत गाने दो मुझे
• सरोज स्मृति 

सच्चिदानंद हीरानंद वात्स्यान 'अज्ञेय'

• यह दीप अकेला
• मैंने देखा,एक बूंद 

केदारनाथ सिंह

• बनारस
• दिशा 

विष्णु खरे

• एक कम
• सत्य 

रघुवीर सहाय

• वसंत आया
• तोड़ो 

प्राचीन 

तुलसीदास

• भरत राम का प्रेम
• पद 

मलिक मोहम्मद जायसी

• बारहमासा 

विद्यापति

• पद 

केशवदास

• रामचंदचंद्रिका 

घनांनद

• कवित्त/सवैया 

गद्य खंड 

रामचंद शुक्ल

• प्रेमघन के छाया स्मृति

पंडित चंद्रधर शर्मा गुलेरी

• सुमिरिनी के मनके 

ब्रजमोहन व्यास

• कच्चा चिट्ठा 

फणीश्वरनाथ रेणु

• संवदिया 

भीष्म साहनी

• गाँधी,नेहरू और यास्सेर अराफ़ात 

असगर वजाहत

• शेर,पहचान,चार हाथ ,साझा 

निर्मल वर्मा

• जहाँ कोई वापसी नहीं 

रामविलास शर्मा

• यथस्मै रोचते विश्वम 

ममता कालिया

• दूसरा देवदास 

हजारी प्रसाद द्धिवेदी

• कुटज 

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विषय सूची 

आमुख  iii

यह पुस्तक v.

काव्य खंड 

1. हरिवंश राय बच्चन

आत्मपरिचय एक गीत 

2. आलोक धन्वा

पतंग 

3. कुँवार नारायण

कविता के बहाने बात सीधी थी पर 

4. रघुवीर सहाय

कैमरे में बंद अपाहिज 

5. गजानन माधव

मुक्तिबोध सहर्ष स्वीकार है 

6. शमशेर बहादुर सिंह

उषा 

7. सूर्यकांत त्रिपाठी 'निराला'

बादल राग 

8. तुलसीदास

कवितावली (उतर कांड से)

लक्ष्मण मूच्र्छा और राम का विलाप 

9. फ़िराक गोरखपुरी

रुबाईयां

ग़ज़ल 

10. उमाशंकर जोशी

छोटा मेरा खेत

बगुलों के पंख 

गद्य खंड 

11. महादेवी वर्मा

भक्तिन 

12. जैनेन्द्र कुमार

बाजार दर्शन 

13. धर्मवीर भारती

काले मेघा पानी दे 

14. फणीश्वर नाथ रेणु

पहलवान की ढोलक 

15. विष्णु खरे

चार्ली चैप्लिन यानी हम लोग 

16. रज़िया सज्जाद जहीर

नमक 

17. हजारी प्रसाद त्रिवेदी

शिरीष के फूल 

18. बाबा साहेब भीमराव आंबेडकर

श्रम विभाजन और जाति प्रथा

मेरी कल्पना का आदर्श समाज 

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विषय सूची 

आमुख  iii

यह पुस्तक vii

1. सूरदास की झोपड़ी प्रेमचंद्र 1

2. आरोहण संजीव 12

3. बिस्कोहर की माटी विश्वनाथ त्रिपाठी 33

4. अपना मालवा खाऊ उजाड़ू सभ्यता में प्रभाष जोशी 42

लिखक परिचय 49

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Contents

Foreword iii

Introduction v

Unit I: OVERVIEW OF THE PAST 1–39

1. Crafts in the Past 3

2. Colonial Rule and Crafts 15

3. Mahatma Gandhi and Self-sufficiency 31

Unit II: CRAFTS REVIVAL 40–85

4. Handloom and Handicrafts Revival 43

5. The Crafts Community Today 55

6. Production and Marketing 73

Unit III: STRATEGIES FOR THE FUTURE 86–133

7. Crafts Bazaars 89

8. Craft in the Age of Tourism 103

9. Design and Development 119

Annexure: Treasure Troves of Indian Craft 134

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Contents

Foreword iii

Preface v

Unit – I Design Practices and Processes 1-30

Chapter-1 Role of Design in Society 2

Chapter-2 Graphic Design Processes 14

Unit – II Principles and Elements of Design 31-88

Chapter-3 Sketching and Drawing 32

Chapter-4 Colour 44

Chapter-5 Fundamentals of Visual Composition 60

Chapter-6 Typography 68

Chapter-7 Principles of Layout Design 80

Unit – III Media and Design 89-153

Chapter-8 Digital Imaging and Printing 90

Chapter-9 Advertising Design 96

Chapter-10 Campaign Design 108

Chapter-11 Integrated Methods of Advertising 122

Chapter-12 Graphic Design for Interactive Media 134

Glossary 154-160

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Contents

Foreword iii

Unit I

1. Population : Distribution, Density, Growth and Composition 1-14

2. Migration : Types, Causes and Consequences 15-22

3. Human Development 23-31

Unit II

4. Human Settlements 32-39

Unit III

5. Land Resources and Agriculture 40-59

6. Water Resources 60-71

7. Mineral and Energy Resources 72-84

8. Manufacturing Industries 85-103

9. Planning and Sustainable Development in Indian Context 104-112

Unit IV

10. Transport and Communication 113-123

11. International Trade 124-132

Unit V

12. Geographical Perspective on Selected Issues and Problems 133-143

Appendices 144-152

Glossary 153

References 154-155

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Contents

FOREWORD iii

UNIT I 1-7

1. Human Geography Nature and Scope 1

UNIT II 8-30

2. The World Population Distribution, Density and Growth 8

3. Population Composition 17

4. Human Development 22

UNIT III 31-90

5. Primary Activities 31

6. Secondary Activities 45

7. Tertiary and Quaternary Activities 55

8. Transport and Communication 65

9. International Trade 81

UNIT IV 91-102

10. Human Settlements 91

APPENDIX I 103

APPENDIX II 110

GLOSSARY 113

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Contents

Foreword iii

Preface v

1. The Manuscript Painting Tradition 1

2. The Rajasthani Schools of Painting 10

3. The Mughal School of Miniature Painting 35

4. The Deccani Schools of Painting 55

5. The Pahari Schools of Painting 67

6. The Bengal School and Cultural Nationalism 85

7. The Modern Indian Art 99

8. The Living Art Traditions of India 127

Glossary 144

Bibliography 149

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Contents

Foreword iii

About the Book v

1. The Third Level Jack Finney 1

2. The Tiger King Kalki 8

3. Journey to the end of the Earth Tishani Doshi 18

4. The Enemy Pearl S. Buck 24

5. Should Wizard hit Mommy John Updike 48

6. On the face of It Susan Hill 56

7. Evans Tries an O-level Colin Dexter 70

8. Memories of Childhood 93

•  The Cutting of My Long Hair Zitkala-Sa
•  We Too are Human Beings Bama

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Contents

PROSE 1-88

1. THE LAST LESSON Alphonse Daudet 2

2. LOST SPRING Anees Jung 13

3. DEEP WATER William Douglas 23

4. THE RATTRAP Selma Lagerlof 32

5. INDIGO Louis Fischer 46

6. POETS AND PANCAKES Asokamitran 57

7. THE INTERVIEW

PART I Christopher Silvester

PART II An Interview with Umberto Eco 68

8. GOING PLACES A. R. Barton 77

POETRY 89-104

1. MY MOTHER AT SIXTY-SIX Kamala Das 90

2. AN ELEMENTARY SCHOOL CLASSROOM IN A SLUM Stephen Spender 92

3. KEEPING QUIET Pablo Neruda 95

4. A THING OF BEAUTY John Keats 98

5. A ROADSIDE STAND Robert Frost 100

6. AUNT JENNIFER’S TIGERS Adrienne Rich 103

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CONTENTS

Foreword iii

A Note for the Teacher v

SHORT STORIES – INTRODUCTION 1-89

1. I Sell my Dreams GABRIEL GARCIA MARQUEZ 2

2. Eveline JAMES JOYCE 12

3. A Wedding in Brownsville ISAAC BASHEVIS SINGER 21

4. Tomorrow JOSEPH CONRAD 39

5. One Centimetre BI SHU-MIN 71

POETRY – INTRODUCTION 90-117

1. A Lecture Upon the Shadow JOHN DONNE 91

2. Poems by Milton JOHN MILTON 94

3. Poems by Blake WILLIAM BLAKE 97

4. Kubla Khan S.T.COLERIDGE 103

5. Trees EMILY DICKINSON 107

6. The Wild Swans of Coole W.B.YEATS 109

7. Time and Time Again A.K.RAMANUJAN 111

8. Blood KAMALA DAS 113

NON-FICTION – INTRODUCTION 118-202

1. Freedom G.B.SHAW 119

2. The Mark on the Wall VIRGINIA WOOLF 136

3. Film-making INGMAR BERGMAN 149

4. Why the Novel Matters D.H. LAWRENCE 165

5. The Argumentative Indian AMARTYA SEN 176

6. On Science Fiction ISAAC ASIMOV 191

 DRAMA - INTRODUCTION 203-238

1. Chandalika RABINDRANATH TAGORE 204

2. Broken Images GIRISH KARNAD 224

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CONTENTS

Foreword iii

1. INTRODUCTION 1

1.1 A Simple Economy 1

1.2 Central Problems of an Economy 2

1.3 Organisation of Economic Activities 4

1.3.1 The Centrally Planned Economy 4

1.3.2 The Market Economy 5

1.4 Positive and Normative Economics 6

1.5 Microeconomics and Macroeconomics 6

1.6 Plan of the Book 6

2. THEORY OF CONSUMER BEHAVIOUR 8

2.1 Utility 8

2.1.1 Cardinal Utility Analysis 9

2.1.2 Ordinal Utility Analysis 11

2.2 The Consumer’s Budget 15

2.2.1 Budget Set and Budget Line 15

2.2.2 Changes in the Budget Set 17

2.3 Optimal Choice of the Consumer 19

2.4 Demand 21

2.4.1 Demand Curve and the Law of Demand 21

2.4.2 Deriving a Demand Curve from Indifference Curves and Budget Constraints 23

2.4.3 Normal and Inferior Goods 24

2.4.4 Substitutes and Complements 25

2.4.5 Shifts in the Demand Curve 25

2.4.6 Movements along the Demand Curve and Shifts in the Demand Curve 26

2.5 Market Demand 26

2.6 Elasticity of Demand 27

2.6.1 Elasticity along a Linear Demand Curve 29

2.6.2 Factors Determining Price Elasticity of Demand for a Good 31

2.6.3 Elasticity and Expenditure 31

3. PRODUCTION AND COSTS 36

3.1 Production Function 36

3.2 The Short Run and the Long Run 38

3.3 Total Product, Average Product and Marginal Product 39

3.3.1 Total Product 39

3.3.2 Average Product 39

3.3.3 Marginal Product 39

3.4 The Law of Diminishing Marginal Product and the Law of Variable Proportions 40

3.5 Shapes of Total Product, Marginal Product and Average Product Curves 41

3.6 Returns to Scale 42

3.7 Costs 43

3.7.1 Short Run Costs 43

3.7.2 Long Run Costs 48

4. THE THEORY OF THE FIRM UNDER PERFECT COMPETITION 53

4.1 Perfect Competition: Defining Features 53

4.2 Revenue 54

4.3 Profit Maximisation 56

4.3.1 Condition 1 56

4.3.2 Condition 2 56

4.3.3 Condition 3 57

4.3.4 The Profit Maximisation Problem: Graphical Representation 58

4.4 Supply Curve of a Firm 59

4.4.1 Short Run Supply Curve of a Firm 59

4.4.2 Long Run Supply Curve of a Firm 60

4.4.3 The Shut Down Point 61

4.4.4 The Normal Profit and Break-even Point 61

4.5 Determinants of a Firm’s Supply Curve 62

4.5.1 Technological Progress 62

4.5.2 Input Prices 62

4.6 Market Supply Curve 63

4.7 Price Elasticity of Supply 65

5. MARKET EQUILIBRIUM 71

5.1 Equilibrium, Excess Demand, Excess Supply 71

5.1.1 Market Equilibrium: Fixed Number of Firms 72

5.1.2 Market Equilibrium: Free Entry and Exit 80

5.2 Applications 84

5.2.1 Price Ceiling 84

5.2.2 Price Floor 85

6. NON-COMPETITIVE MARKETS 88

6.1 Simple Monopoly in the Commodity Market 88

6.1.1 Market Demand Curve is the Average Revenue Curve 89

6.1.2 Total, Average and Marginal Revenues 92

6.1.3 Marginal Revenue and Price Elasticity of Demand 93

6.1.4 Short Run Equilibrium of the Monopoly Firm 93

6.2 Other Non-perfectly Competitive Markets 98

6.2.1 Monopolistic Competition 98

6.2.2 How do Firms behave in Oligopoly? 99

Glossary 102

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CONTENTS

FOREWORD iii

1. INTRODUCTION 1

1.1 Emergence of Macroeconomics 5

1.2 Context of the Present Book of Macroeconomics 6

2. NATIONAL INCOME ACCOUNTING 9

2.1 Some Basic Concepts of Macroeconomics 9

2.2 Circular Flow of Income and Methods of Calculating National Income 14

2.2.1 The Product or Value Added Method 17

2.2.2 Expenditure Method 21

2.2.3 Income Method 22

2.2.4 Factor Cost, Basic Prices and Market Prices 24

2.3 Some Macroeconomic Identities 25

2.4 Nominal and Real GDP 29

2.5 GDP and Welfare 30

3. MONEY AND BANKING 36

3.1 Functions of Money 36

3.2 Demand for Money and Supply of Money 37

3.2.1 Demand for Money 37

3.2.2 Supply of Money 38

3.3 Money Creation by Banking System 39

3.3.1 Balance Sheet of a Fictional Bank 40

3.3.2 Limits to Credit Creation and Money Multiplier 40

3.4 Policy Tools to Control Money Supply 42

4. DETERMINATION OF INCOME AND EMPLOYMENT 53

4.1 Aggregate Demand and its Components 53

4.1.1 Consumption 54

4.1.2 Investment 56

4.2 Determination of Income in Two-sector Model 56

4.3 Determination of Equilibrium Income in the Short Run 57

4.3.1 Macroeconomic equilibrium with price level fixed 57

4.3.2 Effect of an autonomous change in aggregate demand on income and output 60

4.3.3 The Multiplier Mechanism 61

4.4 Some More Concepts 64

5. GOVERNMENT BUDGET AND THE ECONOMY 66

5.1 Government Budget – Meaning and its Components 66

5.1.1 Objectives of Government Budget 67

5.1.2 Classification of Receipts 68

5.1.3 Classification of Expenditure 69

5.2 Balanced, Surplus and Deficit Budget 70

5.2.1 Measures of Government Deficit 71

6. OPEN ECONOMY MACROECONOMICS 85

6.1 The Balance of Payments 86

6.1.1 Current Account 86

6.1.2 Capital Account 88

6.1.3 Balance of Payments Surplus and Deficit 88

6.2 The Foreign Exchange Market 91

6.2.1 Foreign Exchange Rate 91

6.2.2 Determination of the Exchange Rate 92

6.2.3 Merits and Demerits of Flexible and Fixed Exchange Rate Systems 95

6.2.4 Managed Floating 95

GLOSSARY 105

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Foreword iii

Preface v

Chapter 1 Exception Handling in Python 1

1.1 Introduction 1

1.2 Syntax Errors 1

1.3 Exceptions 3

1.4 Built-in Exceptions 3

1.5 Raising Exceptions 4

1.6 Handling Exceptions 7

1.7 Finally Clause 13

Chapter 2 File Handling in Python 19

2.1 Introduction to Files 19

2.2.Types of Files 20

2.3 Opening and Closing a Text File 21

2.4 Writing to a Text File 23

2.5 Reading from a Text File 25

2.6 Setting Offsets in a File 28

2.7 Creating and Traversing a Text File 29

2.8 The Pickle Module 32

Chapter 3 Stack 39

3.1 Introduction 39

3.2 Stack 40

3.3 Operations on Stack 42

3.4 Implementation of Stack in Python 43

3.5 Notations for Arithmetic Expressions 46

3.6 Conversion from Infix to Postfix Notation 47

3.7 Evaluation of Postfix Expression 49

Chapter 4 Queue 53

4.1 Introduction to Queue 53

4.2 Operations on Queue 55

4.3 Implementation of Queue using Python 56

4.4 Introduction to Deque 59

4.5 Implementation of Deque Using Python 61

Chapter 5 Sorting 67

5.1 Introduction 67

5.2 Bubble Sort 68

5.3 Selection Sort 71

5.4 Insertion Sort 74

5.5 Time Complexity of Algorithms 77

Chapter 6 Searching 81

6.1 Introduction 81

6.2 Linear Search 82

6.3 Binary Search 85

6.4 Search by Hashing 90

Chapter 7 Understanding Data 97

7.1 Introduction to Data 97

7.2 Data Collection 101

7.3 Data Storage 102

7.4 Data Processing 102

7.5 Statistical Techniques for Data Processing 103

Chapter 8 Database Concepts 111

8.1 Introduction 111

8.2 File System 112

8.3 Database Management System 115

8.4 Relational Data Model 120

8.5 Keys in a Relational Database 123

Chapter 9 Structured Query Language (SQL) 131

9.1 Introduction 131

9.2 Structured Query Language (SQL) 131

9.3 Data Types and Constraints in MySQL 133

9.4 SQL for Data Definition 134

9.5 SQL for Data Manipulation 141

9.6 SQL for Data Query 144

9.7 Data Updation and Deletion 154

9.8 Functions in SQL 156

9.9 GROUP BY Clause in SQL 167

9.10 Operations on Relations 169

9.11 Using Two Relations in a Query 172

Chapter 10 Computer Networks 181

10.1 Introduction to Computer Networks 181

10.2 Evolution of Networking 183

10.3 Types of Networks 184

10.4 Network Devices 187

10.5 Networking Topologies 191

10.6 Identifying Nodes in a Networked Communication 194

10.7 Internet, Web and the Internet of Things 195

10.8 Domain Name System 197

Chapter 11 Data Communication 203

11.1 Concept of Communication 203

11.2 Components of data Communication 204

11.3 Measuring Capacity of Communication Media 205

11.4 Types of Data Communication 206

11.5 Switching Techniques 208

11.6 Transmission Media 209

11.7 Mobile Telecommunication Technologies 215

11.8 Protocol 216

Chapter 12 Security Aspects 223

12.1 Threats and Prevention 223

12.2 Malware 224

12.3 Antivirus 230

12.4 Spam 231

12.5 HTTP vs HTTPS 231

12.6 Firewall 232

12.7 Cookies 233

12.8 Hackers and Crackers 234

12.9 Network Security Threats 235

Chapter 13 Project Based Learning 241

13.1 Introduction 241

13.2 Approaches for Solving Projects 242

13.3 Teamwork 243

13.4 Project Descriptions 245

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FOREWORD iii

PREFACE V

Unit 10 Haloalkanes and Haloarenes 289

10.1 Classification 290

10.2 Nomenclature 291

10.3 Nature of C–X Bond 293

10.4 Methods of Preparation of Haloalkanes 294

10.5 Preparation of Haloarenes 296

10.6 Physical Properties 297

10.7 Chemical Reactions 299

10.8 Polyhalogen Compounds 317

Unit 11 Alcohols, Phenols and Ethers 323

11.1 Classification 324

11.2 Nomenclature 325

11.3 Structures of Functional Groups 328

11.4 Alcohols and Phenols 329

11.5 Some Commercially Important Alcohols 344

11.6 Ethers 345

Unit 12 Aldehydes, Ketones and Carboxylic Acids 357

12.1 Nomenclature and Structure of Carbonyl Group 358

12.2 Preparation of Aldehydes and Ketones 361

12.3 Physical Properties 365

12.4 Chemical Reactions 366

12.5 Uses of Aldehydes and Ketones 373

12.6 Nomenclature and Structure of Carboxyl Group 374

12.7 Methods of Preparation of Carboxylic Acids 375

12.8 Physical Properties 379

12.9 Chemical Reactions 379

12.10 Uses of Carboxylic Acids 384

Unit 13 Amines 389

13.1 Structure of Amines 389

13.2 Classification 390

13.3 Nomenclature 390

13.4 Preparation of Amines 392

13.5 Physical Properties 395

13.6 Chemical Reactions 396

13.7 Method of Preparation of Diazonium Salts 404

13.8 Physical Properties 405

13.9 Chemical Reactions 405

13.10 Importance of Diazonium Salts in Synthesis of Aromatic Compounds 406

Unit 14 Biomolecules 411

14.1 Carbohydrates 411

14.2 Proteins 420

14.3 Enzymes 425

14.4 Vitamins 425

14.5 Nucleic Acids 427

14.6 Hormones 430

Unit 15 Polymers 433

15.1 Classification of Polymers 433

15.2 Types of Polymerisation Reactions 434

15.3 Molecular Mass of Polymers 442

15.4 Biodegradable Polymers 442

15.5 Polymers of Commercial Importance 443

Unit 16 Chemistry in Everyday Life 447

16.1 Drugs and their Classification 447

16.2 Drug-Target Interaction 448

16.3 Therapeutic Action of Different Classes of Drugs 451

16.4 Chemicals in Food 457

16.5 Cleansing Agents 458

Answers to Some Questions in Exercises 464

Index 469

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CONTENTS

FOREWORD v

PREFACE vii

Unit 1 The Solid State 1

1.1 General Characteristics of Solid State 2

1.2 Amorphous and Crystalline Solids 2

1.3 Classification of Crystalline Solids 4

1.4 Crystal Lattices and Unit Cells 7

1.5 Number of Atoms in a Unit Cell 12

1.6 Close Packed Structures 14

1.7 Packing Efficiency 20

1.8 Calculations Involving Unit Cell Dimensions 22

1.9 Imperfections in Solids 24

1.10 Electrical Properties 26

1.11 Magnetic Properties 29

Unit 2 Solutions 35

2.1 Types of Solutions 35

2.2 Expressing Concentration of Solutions 36

2.3 Solubility 39

2.4 Vapour Pressure of Liquid Solutions 43

2.5 Ideal and Non-ideal Solutions 47

2.6 Colligative Properties and Determination of Molar Mass 49

2.7 Abnormal Molar Masses 57

Unit 3 Electrochemistry 65

3.1 Electrochemical Cells 66

3.2 Galvanic Cells 67

3.3 Nernst Equation 70

3.4 Conductance of Electrolytic Solutions 75

3.5 Electrolytic Cells and Electrolysis 85

3.6 Batteries 88

3.7 Fuel Cells 90

3.8 Corrosion 91

Unit 4 Chemical Kinetics 95

4.1 Rate of a Chemical Reaction 96

4.2 Factors Influencing Rate of a Reaction 100

4.3 Integrated Rate Equations 105

4.4 Temperature Dependence of the Rate of a Reaction 112

4.5 Collision Theory of Chemical Reactions 116

Unit 5 Surface Chemistry 123

5.1 Adsorption 124

5.2 Catalysis 129

5.3 Colloids 136

5.4 Classification of Colloids 136

5.5 Emulsions 145

5.6 Colloids Around Us 145

Unit 6 General Principles and Processes of Isolation of Elements 149

6.1 Occurrence of Metals 152

6.2 Concentration of Ores 153

6.3 Extraction of Crude Metal from Concentrated Ore 155

6.4 Thermodynamic Principles of Metallurgy 156

6.5 Electrochemical Principles of Metallurgy 162

6.6 Oxidation Reduction 163

6.7 Refining 164

6.8 Uses of Aluminium, Copper, Zinc and Iron 166

Unit 7 The p-Block Elements 170

7.1 Group 15 Elements 170

7.2 Dinitrogen 174

7.3 Ammonia 175

7.4 Oxides of Nitrogen 177

7.5 Nitric Acid 179

7.6 Phosphorus – Allotropic Forms 180

7.7 Phosphine 181

7.8 Phosphorus Halides 182

7.9 Oxoacids of Phosphorus 184

7.10 Group 16 Elements 185

7.11 Dioxygen 189

7.12 Simple Oxides 190

7.13 Ozone 191

7.14 Sulphur – Allotropic Forms 192

7.15 Sulphur Dioxide 193

7.16 Oxoacids of Sulphur 194

7.17 Sulphuric Acid 195

7.18 Group 17 Elements 197

7.19 Chlorine 202

7.20 Hydrogen Chloride 204

7.21 Oxoacids of Halogens 205

7.22 Interhalogen Compounds 206

7.23 Group 18 Elements 208

Unit 8 The d-and f-Block Elements 215

8.1 Position in the Periodic Table 216

8.2 Electronic Configurations of the d-Block Elements 216

8.3 General Properties of the Transition Elements (d-Block) 218

8.4 Some Important Compounds of Transition Elements 231

8.5 The Lanthanoids 234

8.6 The Actinoids 237

8.7 Some Applications of d- and f-Block Elements 239

Unit 9 Coordination Compounds 244

9.1 Werner's Theory of Coordination Compounds 244

9.2 Definitions of Some Important Terms Pertaining to Coordination Compounds 247

9.3 Nomenclature of Coordination Compounds 248

9.4 Isomerism in Coordination Compounds 251

9.5 Bonding in Coordination Compounds 254

9.6 Bonding in Metal Carbonyls 261

9.7 Importance and Applications of Coordination Compounds 262

Appendices 268

Answers to Some Questions in Exercises 281

Index 285

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CONTENTS

Foreword iii

Chapter 9 Financial Management 225

Chapter 10 Financial Markets 252

Chapter 11 Marketing 276

Chapter 12 Consumer Protection 323

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CONTENTS

Foreword iii

Chapter 1 Nature and Significance of Management 1

Chapter 2 Principles of Management 30

Chapter 3 Business Environment 69

Chapter 4 Planning 93

Chapter 5 Organising 111

Chapter 6 Staffing 141

Chapter 7 Directing 171

Chapter 8 Controlling 205

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