Content Table

• FOREWORD V
• SUGGESTIONS FOR USE IX

Chapter 1 1 - 16

• Structural Change

Chapter 2 17-34

• Cultural Change

Chapter 3 35-54

• The Story of Indian Democracy

Chapter 4 55-72

• Change and Development in Rural Society

Chapter 5 73-90

• Change and Development in Industrial Society

Chapter 6 91-112

• Globalisation and Social Change

Chapter 7 113-134

• Mass Media and Communications

Chapter 8 135-160

• Social Movements

Glossary 161-163

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Content Table

• Foreword iii
• How to use this textbook v

Chapter 1

• Introducing Indian Society 1 - 8

Chapter 2

• The Demographic Structure of the Indian Society 9-40

Chapter 3

• Social Institutions: Continuity and Change 41-60

Chapter 4

• The Market as a Social Institution 61-80

Chapter 5

• Patterns of Social Inequality and Exclusion 81-112

Chapter 6

• The Challenges of Cultural Diversity 113-140

Chapter 7

• Suggestions for Project Work 141-152

Glossary 153-160

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Contents

• Foreword iii
• Preface v

Chapter 1

• Variations in Psychological Attributes 1

Chapter 2

• Self and Personality 23

Chapter 3

• Meeting Life Challenges 50

Chapter 4

• Psychological Disorders 69

Chapter 5

• Therapeutic Approaches 89

Chapter 6

• Attitude and Social Cognition 106

Chapter 7

• Social Influence and Group Processes 129

Chapter 8

• Psychology and Life 152

Chapter 9

• Developing Psychological Skills 177

Guidelines for Practicals in Psychology 196

Glossary 200

Suggested Readings 209

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Contents

• Foreword iii
• Preface v

Chapter 1

• Challenges of Nation Building 2

Chapter 2

• Era of One-party Dominance 26

Chapter 3

• Politics of Planned Development 46

Chapter 4

• India’s External Relations 64

Chapter 5

• Challenges to and Restoration of the Congress System 82

Chapter 6

• The Crisis of Democratic Order 102

Chapter 7

• Rise of Popular Movements 128

Chapter 8

• Regional Aspirations 148

Chapter 9

• Recent Developments in Indian Politics 172

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Contents

• Foreword iii
• Preface v

Chapter 1

• The Cold War Era 1

Chapter 2

• The End of Bipolarity 17

Chapter 3

• US Hegemony in World Politics 31

Chapter 4

• Alternative Centres of Power 51

Chapter 5

• Contemporary South Asia 65

Chapter 6

• International Organisations 81

Chapter 7

• Security in the Contemporary World 99

Chapter 8

• Environment and Natural Resources 117

Chapter 9

• Globalisation 135

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Contents

• Foreword V
• Preface VII

CHAPTER NINE

RAY OPTICS AND OPTICAL INSTRUMENTS

• 9.1 Introduction 309
• 9.2 Reflection of Light by Spherical Mirrors 310
• 9.3 Refraction 316
• 9.4 Total Internal Reflection 319
• 9.5 Refraction at Spherical Surfaces and by Lenses 323
• 9.6 Refraction through a Prism 330
• 9.7 Some Natural Phenomena due to Sunlight 332
• 9.8 Optical Instruments 335

CHAPTER TEN

WAVE OPTICS

• 10.1 Introduction 351
• 10.2 Huygens Principle 353
• 10.3 Refraction and Reflection of Plane Waves using Huygens Principle 355
• 10.4 Coherent and Incoherent Addition of Waves 360
• 10.5 Interference of Light Waves and Young’s Experiment 362
• 10.6 Diffraction 367
• 10.7 Polarisation 376

CHAPTER ELEVEN

DUAL NATURE OF RADIATION AND MATTER

• 11.1 Introduction 386
• 11.2 Electron Emission 387
• 11.3 Photoelectric Effect 388
• 11.4 Experimental Study of Photoelectric Effect 389
• 11.5 Photoelectric Effect and Wave Theory of Light 393
• 11.6 Einstein’s Photoelectric Equation: Energy Quantum of Radiation 393
• 11.7 Particle Nature of Light: The Photon 395
• 11.8 Wave Nature of Matter 398
• 11.9 Davisson and Germer Experiment 403

CHAPTER TWELVE

ATOMS

• 12.1 Introduction 414
• 12.2 Alpha-particle Scattering and Rutherford’s Nuclear Model of Atom 415
• 12.3 Atomic Spectra 420
• 12.4 Bohr Model of the Hydrogen Atom 422
• 12.5 The Line Spectra of the Hydrogen Atom 428
• 12.6 DE Broglie’s Explanation of Bohr’s Second Postulate of Quantisation 430

CHAPTER THIRTEEN

NUCLEI

• 13.1 Introduction 438
• 13.2 Atomic Masses and Composition of Nucleus 438
• 13.3 Size of the Nucleus 441
• 13.4 Mass-Energy and Nuclear Binding Energy 442
• 13.5 Nuclear Force 445
• 13.6 Radioactivity 446
• 13.7 Nuclear Energy 451

CHAPTER FOURTEEN

SEMICONDUCTOR ELECTRONICS: MATERIALS, DEVICES AND SIMPLE CIRCUITS

• 14.1 Introduction 467
• 14.2 Classification of Metals, Conductors and Semiconductors 468
• 14.3 Intrinsic Semiconductor 472
• 14.4 Extrinsic Semiconductor 474
• 14.5 p-n Junction 478
• 14.6 Semiconductor Diode 479
• 14.7 Application of Junction Diode as a Rectifier 483
• 14.8 Special Purpose p-n Junction Diodes 485
• 14.9 Digital Electronics and Logic Gates 490

APPENDICES 500

ANSWERS 502

BIBLIOGRAPHY 518

INDEX 520

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Contents

• Foreword V
• Preface XI

CHAPTER ONE

ELECTRIC CHARGES AND FIELDS

• 1.1 Introduction 1
• 1.2 Electric Charge 1
• 1.3 Conductors and Insulators 5
• 1.4 Charging by Induction 6
• 1.5 Basic Properties of Electric Charge 8
• 1.6 Coulomb’s Law 10
• 1.7 Forces between Multiple Charges 15
• 1.8 Electric Field 18
• 1.9 Electric Field Lines 23
• 1.10 Electric Flux 25
• 1.11 Electric Dipole 27
• 1.12 Dipole in a Uniform External Field 31
• 1.13 Continuous Charge Distribution 32
• 1.14 Gauss’s Law 33
• 1.15 Applications of Gauss’s Law 37

CHAPTER TWO

ELECTROSTATIC POTENTIAL AND CAPACITANCE

• 2.1 Introduction 51
• 2.2 Electrostatic Potential 53
• 2.3 Potential due to a Point Charge 54
• 2.4 Potential due to an Electric Dipole 55
• 2.5 Potential due to a System of Charges 57
• 2.6 Equipotential Surfaces 60
• 2.7 Potential Energy of a System of Charges 61
• 2.8 Potential Energy in an External Field 64
• 2.9 Electrostatics of Conductors 67
• 2.10 Dielectrics and Polarisation 71
• 2.11 Capacitors and Capacitance 73
• 2.12 The Parallel Plate Capacitor 74
• 2.13 Effect of Dielectric on Capacitance 75
• 2.14 Combination of Capacitors 78
• 2.15 Energy Stored in a Capacitor 80

CHAPTER THREE

CURRENT ELECTRICITY

• 3.1 Introduction 93
• 3.2 Electric Current 93
• 3.3 Electric Currents in Conductors 94
• 3.4 Ohm’s law 95
• 3.5 Drift of Electrons and the Origin of Resistivity 97
• 3.6 Limitations of Ohm’s Law 101
• 3.7 Resistivity of Various Materials 101
• 3.8 Temperature Dependence of Resistivity 103
• 3.9 Electrical Energy, Power 105
• 3.10 Combination of Resistors — Series and Parallel 107
• 3.11 Cells, emf, Internal Resistance 110
• 3.12 Cells in Series and in Parallel 113
• 3.13 Kirchhoff’s Rules 115
• 3.14 Wheatstone Bridge 118
• 3.15 Meter Bridge 120
• 3.16 Potentiometer 122

CHAPTER FOUR

MOVING CHARGES AND MAGNETISM

• 4.1 Introduction 132
• 4.2 Magnetic Force 133
• 4.3 Motion in a Magnetic Field 137
• 4.4 Motion in Combined Electric and Magnetic Fields 140
• 4.5 Magnetic Field due to a Current Element, Biot-Savart Law 143
• 4.6 Magnetic Field on the Axis of a Circular Current Loop 145
• 4.7 Ampere’s Circuital Law 147
• 4.8 The Solenoid and the Toroid 150
• 4.9 Force between Two Parallel Currents, the Ampere 154
• 4.10 Torque on Current Loop, Magnetic Dipole 157
• 4.11 The Moving Coil Galvanometer 163

CHAPTER FIVE

MAGNETISM AND MATTER

• 5.1 Introduction 173
• 5.2 The Bar Magnet 174
• 5.3 Magnetism and Gauss’s Law 181
• 5.4 The Earth’s Magnetism 185
• 5.5 Magnetisation and Magnetic Intensity 189
• 5.6 Magnetic Properties of Materials 191
• 5.7 Permanent Magnets and Electromagnets 195

CHAPTER SIX

ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION

• 6.1 Introduction 204
• 6.2 The Experiments of Faraday and Henry 205
• 6.3 Magnetic Flux 206
• 6.4 Faraday’s Law of Induction 207
• 6.5 Lenz’s Law and Conservation of Energy 210
• 6.6 Motional Electromotive Force 212
• 6.7 Energy Consideration: A Quantitative Study 215
• 6.8 Eddy Currents 218
• 6.9 Inductance 219
• 6.10 AC Generator 224

CHAPTER SEVEN

ALTERNATING CURRENT

• 7.1 Introduction 233
• 7.2 AC Voltage Applied to a Resistor 234
• 7.3 Representation of AC Current and Voltage by Rotating Vectors — Phasors 237
• 7.4 AC Voltage Applied to an Inductor 237
• 7.5 AC Voltage Applied to a Capacitor 241
• 7.6 AC Voltage Applied to a Series LCR Circuit 244
• 7.7 Power in AC Circuit: The Power Factor 252
• 7.8 LC Oscillations 255
• 7.9 Transformers 259

CHAPTER EIGHT

ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES

• 8.1 Introduction 269
• 8.2 Displacement Current 270
• 8.3 Electromagnetic Waves 274
• 8.4 Electromagnetic Spectrum 280

ANSWERS 288

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Contents

• Foreword iii
• Preface v

7. Integrals 287

• 7.1 Introduction 288
• 7.2 Integration as an Inverse Process of Differentiation 288
• 7.3 Methods of Integration 300
• 7.4 Integrals of some Particular Functions 307
• 7.5 Integration by Partial Fractions 316
• 7.6 Integration by Parts 323
• 7.7 Definite Integral 331
• 7.8 Fundamental Theorem of Calculus 334
• 7.9 Evaluation of Definite Integrals by Substitution 338
• 7.10 Some Properties of Definite Integrals 341

8. Application of Integrals 359

• 8.1 Introduction 359
• 8.2 Area under Simple Curves 359
• 8.3 Area between Two Curves 366

9. Differential Equations 379

• 9.1 Introduction 379
• 9.2 Basic Concepts 379
• 9.3 General and Particular Solutions of a Differential Equation 383
• 9.4 Formation of a Differential Equation whose General Solution is given 385
• 9.5 Methods of Solving First order, First Degree Differential Equations 391

10. Vector Algebra 424

• 10.1 Introduction 424
• 10.2 Some Basic Concepts 424
• 10.3 Types of Vectors 427
• 10.4 Addition of Vectors 429
• 10.5 Multiplication of a Vector by a Scalar 432
• 10.6 Product of Two Vectors 441

11. Three Dimensional Geometry 463

• 11.1 Introduction 463
• 11.2 Direction Cosines and Direction Ratios of a Line 463
• 11.3 Equation of a Line in Space 468
• 11.4 Angle between Two Lines 471
• 11.5 Shortest Distance between Two Lines 473
• 11.6 Plane 479
• 11.7 Coplanarity of Two Lines 487
• 11.8 Angle between Two Planes 488
• 11.9 Distance of a Point from a Plane 490
• 11.10 Angle between a Line and a Plane 492

12. Linear Programming 504

• 12.1 Introduction 504
• 12.2 Linear Programming Problem and its Mathematical Formulation 505
• 12.3 Different Types of Linear Programming Problems 514

13. Probability 531

• 13.1 Introduction 531
• 13.2 Conditional Probability 531
• 13.3 Multiplication Theorem on Probability 540
• 13.4 Independent Events 542
• 13.5 Bayes' Theorem 548
• 13.6 Random Variables and its Probability Distributions 557
• 13.7 Bernoulli Trials and Binomial Distribution 572

Answers 588

Supplementary Material 613

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Contents

• Foreword v
• Preface vii

1. Relations and Functions 1

• 1.1 Introduction 1
• 1.2 Types of Relations 2
• 1.3 Types of Functions 7
• 1.4 Composition of Functions and Invertible Function 12
• 1.5 Binary Operations 19

2. Inverse Trigonometric Functions 33

• 2.1 Introduction 33
• 2.2 Basic Concepts 33
• 2.3 Properties of Inverse Trigonometric Functions 42

3. Matrices 56

• 3.1 Introduction 56
• 3.2 Matrix 56
• 3.3 Types of Matrices 61
• 3.4 Operations on Matrices 65
• 3.5 Transpose of a Matrix 83
• 3.6 Symmetric and Skew Symmetric Matrices 85
• 3.7 Elementary Operation (Transformation) of a Matrix 90
• 3.8 Invertible Matrices 91

4. Determinants 103

• 4.1 Introduction 103
• 4.2 Determinant 103
• 4.3 Properties of Determinants 109
• 4.4 Area of a Triangle 121
• 4.5 Minors and Cofactors 123
• 4.6 Adjoint and Inverse of a Matrix 126
• 4.7 Applications of Determinants and Matrices 133

5. Continuity and Differentiability 147

• 5.1 Introduction 147
• 5.2 Continuity 147
• 5.3 Differentiability 161
• 5.4 Exponential and Logarithmic Functions 170
• 5.5 Logarithmic Differentiation 174
• 5.6 Derivatives of Functions in Parametric Forms 179
• 5.7 Second Order Derivative 181
• 5.8 Mean Value Theorem 184

6. Application of Derivatives 194

• 6.1 Introduction 194
• 6.2 Rate of Change of Quantities 194
• 6.3 Increasing and Decreasing Functions 199
• 6.4 Tangents and Normals 206
• 6.5 Approximations 213
• 6.6 Maxima and Minima 216

Appendix 1: Proofs in Mathematics 247

• A.1.1 Introduction 247
• A.1.2 What is a Proof? 247

Appendix 2: Mathematical Modelling 256

• A.2.1 Introduction 256
• A.2.2 Why Mathematical Modelling? 256
• A.2.3 Principles of Mathematical Modelling 257

Answers 268

Supplementary Material 286

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Contents

Foreword iii

Chapter 1 Querying and SQL Functions 1

• 1.1 Introduction 1
• 1.2 Functions in SQL 4
• 1.3 GROUP BY in SQL 14
• 1.4 Operations on Relations 16
• 1.5 Using Two Relations in a Query 19

Chapter 2 Data Handling using Pandas - I 27

• 2.1 Introduction to Python Libraries 27
• 2.2 Series 29
• 2.3 DataFrame 40
• 2.4 Importing and Exporting Data between CSV Files and DataFrames 55
• 2.5 Pandas Series Vs NumPy ndarray 57

Chapter 3 Data Handling using Pandas - II 63

• 3.1 Introduction 63
• 3.2 Descriptive Statistics 65
• 3.3 Data Aggregations 75
• 3.4 Sorting a DataFrame 77
• 3.5 Group by Functions 79
• 3.6 Altering the Index 82
• 3.7 Other DataFrame Operations 84
• 3.8 Handling Missing Values 89
• 3.9 Import and Export of Data between Pandas and MySQL 98

Chapter 4 Plotting Data using Matplotlib 105

• 4.1 Introduction 105
• 4.2 Plotting using Matplotlib 106
• 4.3 Customisation of Plots 108
• 4.4 The Pandas Plot Function (Pandas Visualisation) 112

Chapter 5 Internet and Web 137

• 5.1 Introduction to Computer Networks 137
• 5.2 Types of Networks 139
• 5.3 Network Devices 142
• 5.4 Networking Topologies 146
• 5.5 The Internet 148
• 5.6 Applications of Internet 149
• 5.7 Website 153
• 5.8 Web Page 154
• 5.9 Web Server 156
• 5.10 Hosting of a Website 157
• 5.11 Browser 158

Chapter 6 Societal Impacts 167

• 6.1 Introduction 167
• 6.2 Digital Footprints 168
• 6.3 Digital Society and Netizen 169
• 6.4 Data Protection 174
• 6.5 Creative Commons 178
• 6.6 Cyber Crime 179
• 6.7 Indian Information Technology Act (IT Act) 182
• 6.8 E-waste: Hazards and Management 183
• 6.9 Impact on Health 186

Chapter 7 Project Based Learning 195

• 7.1 Introduction 195
• 7.2 Approaches for Solving Projects 196
• 7.3 Teamwork 197
• 7.4 Project Descriptions 199

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Contents

Foreword iii

Preface v

A Note to the Teachers vii

Unit IV Fabric and Apparel 211

• Chapter 11 Design for Fabric and Apparel 215
• Chapter 12 Fashion Design and Merchandising 234
• Chapter 13 Production and Quality Control in the
• Garment Industry 248
• Chapter 14 Textile Conservation in Museums 267
• Chapter 15 Care and Maintenance of Fabrics in Institutions 279

Unit V Resource Management 295

• Chapter 16 Human Resource Management 298
• Chapter 17 Hospitality Management 313
• Chapter 18 Ergonomics and Designing of Interior and Exterior Spaces 328
• Chapter 19 Event Management 343
• Chapter 20 Consumer Education and Protection 361

Unit VI Communication and Extension 379

• Chapter 21 Development Communication and Journalism 382
• Chapter 22 Advocacy 394
• Chapter 23 Media Management, Design and Production 402
• Chapter 24 Corporate Communication and Public Relations 419
• Chapter 25 Management of Development Programme 433

Appendix Projects 443-458

Feedback Questionnaire 459

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Foreword iii

Preface v

A Note to the Teachers vii

Unit I Work, Livelihood and Career 1

• Chapter 1 Work, Livelihood and Career 2

Unit II Nutrition, Food Science and Technology 53

• Chapter 2 Clinical Nutrition and Dietetics 56
• Chapter 3 Public Nutrition and Health 70
• Chapter 4 Catering and Food Service Management 85
• Chapter 5 Food Processing and Technology 101
• Chapter 6 Food Quality and Food Safety 115

Unit III Human Development and Family Studies 139

• Chapter 7 Early Childhood Care and Education 142
• Chapter 8 Guidance and Counselling 156
• Chapter 9 Special Education and Support Services 166
• Chapter 10 Management of Support Services, Institutions and Programmes for Children, Youth and Elderly 175

References for Further Reading 193

Appendix Syllabus 194

Feedback Questionnaire 209

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Contents

PART III

THEME TEN 257

• COLONIALISM AND THE COUNTRYSIDE
• Exploring Official Archives

THEME ELEVEN 288

• REBELS AND THE RAJ
• The Revolt of1857 and Its Representations

THEME TWELVE 316

• COLONIAL CITIES
• Urbanisation, Planning and Architecture

THEME THIRTEEN 346

• MAHATMA GANDHI AND THE NATIONALIST MOVEMENT
• Civil Disobedience and Beyond

THEME FOURTEEN 376

• UNDERSTANDING PARTITION
• Politics, Memories, Experiences

THEME FIFTEEN 405

• FRAMING THE CONSTITUTION
• The Beginning of a New Era

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PART II

THEME FIVE

• THROUGH THE EYES OF TRAVELLERS 115
• Perceptions of Society (c. tenth to seventeenth century)

THEME SIX

• BHAKTI-SUFI TRADITIONS 140
• Changes in Religious Beliefs and Devotional Texts (c. eighth to eighteenth century)

THEME SEVEN

• AN IMPERIAL CAPITAL:VIJAYANAGARA 170
• (c. fourteenth to sixteenth century)

THEME EIGHT

• PEASANTS, ZAMINDARS AND THE STATE 196
• Agrarian Society and the Mughal Empire (c. sixteenth-seventeenth centuries)

THEME NINE

• KINGS AND CHRONICLES 224
• The Mughal Courts (c. sixteenth-seventeenth centuries)

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