One mark questions with answers. 

Q1. Write the value of charge and mass of electron. 

Ans1. Charge = 1.6 x 10^-19 coulomb.
Mass = 9.11 x 10^-31 kg. 

Q2. How many electrons constitute a charge of three coulombs? 

Ans2. Charge on one electron = 1.6 x 10^-19 coulomb.
Number of electrons in three coulombs = 3/(1.6 x 10^-19) electrons
= 1.875 x 10¹⁹ electrons. 

Q3. Define potential difference. Give its units. 

Ans3. It is defined as the amount of work required to be done on a charge in shifting it from one point to another in the electric field.
The S.I. unit of potential difference is volt. 

Q4. Does ammeter have high resistance? Ans4. No, ammeter has low resistance.  
 
Two mark questions with answers 

Q1. How is the potential difference maintained across the ends of a conductor? 

Ans1. The potential difference is maintained across the ends of a conductor by connecting it to a battery or a dry cell. A cell or battery does so because a difference in potential between its two electrodes is maintained by the chemical processes going on inside it between its electrodes and the electrolyte.

The figure above is a simple electric circuit that maintains a potential difference across the given lamp.

Q2. State ohm's law. What are non-ohmic conductors?

Ans2. George Simon ohm in 1826 proposed a most fundamental law of electricity known as Ohm's law.
According to this law "the ratio of potential difference applied across a conductor to the electric current flowing through the conductor is constant if all physical conditions like temperature, length, area of cross-section and pressure remains constant".
Mathematically,
V/I = constant (R) or R = V/I.
The conductors which do not obey ohm's law are called non-ohmic conductors.

Q3. A current of 2A flows through a 12V car headlight bulb for 6 minutes. How much energy transfer occurs during this time?

Ans3. I = 2A, V = 12 volts
t = 6 minutes = 6/60.hr
Energy transferred = power x time = VI x t
= 12 x 2 x 6/60
= 2.4 watt hour or 2.4 x 10-3 KWh.

Q4. Electricians wear rubber sandals or shoes or rubber hand gloves while working, why?

Ans4. Electric current cannot pass through insulators. Since rubber is an insulator therefore the person using rubber made gloves, sandals, shoes does not become a part of the electrical circuit and no current passes through his body. The current flowing in the circuit does not affect the person who touches the wire etc., and he can work with electric appliances safely.


Three mark questions with answers

Q1. An electric iron is used on a 240V supply and draws a current of 4 Ampere?
(a) What is its power?
(b) What is its resistance?
(c) What is the cost of using the iron for the month of January 10 hours a day if 1 kwh costs Rs.3.40?

Ans1. Voltage, V = 240V, current, I = 4A, time, t = 31 x 10 hours = 310 hours.
(a) Power, P = V x I
= 240 x 4
= 960W
(b) Resistance, R = V/I = 240/4 = 60 ohms
(c) Electric energy consumed = Power x Time
= 960 x 310
= 29760 watt hours
= 29.76 kwh.
Cost of using the heater for 310 hours = Rs. 29.76 x 3.40
= Rs. 101.18.

Q2. What is the difference between an electromagnet and a permanent magnet?

Ans2.

 Q3. What is the usual colour code followed for connecting live, neutral and earth wires? Why is it so important? 

Ans3. The old convention is red for live, black for neutral and green for earth. The internationally accepted convention is brown for live, light blue for neutral and green or yellow for earth.
The selection of earth wire is made in such a way that it can withstand stronger currents. The thickness of other wires depends upon the power rating of the appliance.

The distinction between the colours is necessary because the wires are taken according to their current carrying capacities. 

Q4. How much work is done in moving a body carrying charge equivalent to that on 5 x 10¹⁹ electrons from a point at 25 volts to a point at 40 volts? 

Ans4. Potential difference, V₂ - V₁
= Work done/Charge = W/Q
V₂ = 40V, V₁ = 25V

Charge on 5 x 10¹⁹ electrons, Q = charge on one electron x number of electrons = 1.6 x 10^-19 x 5 x 10¹⁹ = 8 coloumb
Therefore, the work done, W = (V₂ - V₁) x Q
= (40 - 25) x 8 = 120 J. 

 
Five mark questions with answers 

Q1. Describe an experiment to show that a current carrying conductor experiences a force in a magnetic field and that the direction of force depends on the direction of (a) the magnetic field, and (b) the current. 

Ans. (Try yourself). 

Q2. Give the principle, construction and working of an electric motor. 

Ans2. Principle: When a current carrying conductor is kept in a magnetic field, it experiences a torque. The conductor rotates continuously and electrical energy supplied to the conductor is converted into mechanical energy.

Construction : N,S ---> North and South poles of permanent U-shaped magnet
C1, C2 ----> Parts of copper ring called commutator
B1, B2 -----> Carbon brushes for taking output (these brushes are always in contact with the rotating rings and through them induced current is taken to the output circuit)
ABCD -----> Rectangular coil of insulated copper wire wound on a soft iron core called armature

Working: Initally, the armature is in the horizontal position. When the current is switched on, the electric current flows through the coil through brush B1 and ring C₁.

The current flows in the anti-clockwise direction and leaves the ring at C2 and brush B2.
By using Fleming's left hand rule for part DC and AB of the coil we find that the force is in downward direction on DC and in upward direction on AB. These two forces are equal in magnitude but opposite in direction. They constitute a couple an a torque acts on the coil. As a result the coil rotates in anticlockwise direction.

When the coil starts rotating and reaches in the vertical position then the brushes B1 and B2 will come in gap between the rings C1 and C2. The circuit breaks and no current flows through the coil. Due to inertia of motion in the coil it continues to rotate in the same direction. After completing half rotation the position of brushes is interchanged. Due to this the direction of current through the coil is reversed. Hence, the direction of forces acting on the two sides of the coil is also reversed. The side AB occupies the position of side DC of the coil. But the torque acting on the coil is in the same direction and the coil rotates continuously.
If any mechanical system is connected to the armature of the motor, it can be made to rotate in the desired direction.

Q3. Describe the construction and working of an electromagnet. Mention the factors on which its strength depends.

Ans. (Try yourself).

Q4. What is action potential? How is action potential produced in the body?

Ans. (Try yourself).