Social Science Class - X 
Sample Paper 1997- (Part - IV)
(Solved)

Section A - HISTORY

Q1) Mention two positive effects of imperialism on the colonies of Asia. (Marks 2)

Ans1) The imperialist conquests & their continuance in Asia, Africa & South America for over a century left a deep impact on the life & culture of the people in these countries.

(a) The imperialist countries imposed western education on these people to get their help in carrying out the local administration this western education gave these people access to the 19th century democratic ideas of equality & liberty of the European thinkers & their scientific views.

(b) The imperialist powers has established some industries in the colonies in order to exploit their natural resources for their own benefits. But these industries, subsequently proved a boon to the industrial development & growth of these colonies.


Q2) Why was Czar Nicholas II of Russia unpopular? Give two reasons. (Marks 2)

Ans2) The Czar was unpopular among the people of Russia because of the following Reasons:-

(a) The Czar was an autocratic & self-willed ruler. All the administrative powers of the state were vested in him he ignored the public welfare. The privileged class got special rights while the general public has no say in the government. The bureaucracy was corrupt & against any reforms.

(b) The Czar had established a vast empire comprising different nationalities but these were always restive under the Czar's rule. His imperialist designs brought him into direct conflict with other imperialist powers The vast expenses incurred on them & the financial burdens thrusted on the people, further turned them against the Czar & his inefficient government.


Q3) Who was Sun-Yat-Sen? What was his major contribution? (Marks 2)

Ans3) Dr. Sun-Yat-Sen played a leading role in the national awakening of the Chinese people & uniting the various revolutionary groups together. He was the President of the Chinese Revolutionary League Propounded. 3 Principles of Nationalism, Democracy & Livelihood. He played an important role in 1911 revolution & in 1917 in setting up a Government at Canton in south China.


Q4) Mention two major contributions of Surenderanath Banerjea. (Marks 2)

Ans4) S.N. Banerjea took an active part in the freedom movement of India

(1) To fight against the wrong policies of the British & injustice, he founded the Indian Association in 1876. Ist object was to educate the people, to create strong public opinion in the country, to arouse political consciousness & unity among the people & to include the masses in the public movements of the day.

(2) He also started agitation against the License Act, Arms Act, Vernacular Press Act & against lowering the Age from 21 to 19 years to appear in I.C.S. Examination. He organised popular demonstrations for protecting the poor peasants against the exploitation & oppression of the Zamindars.


Q5) What was the effect of the First World War on Turkey? (Marks 2)

Ans5) The effects of the First World War on Turkey were very miserable. Turkey was forced to sign the Treaty of Serves by which she was compelled to accept the following terms:-

1. This treaty led to the dismemberment of he Turkish empire. Syria & Lebanon were handed over to France while England got Palestine and Mesopotamia.

2. England also gained the Control of Egypt from Turkey.

3. Most of the remaining Turkish territories were shared by Greece & Italy.

4. Hejaz became an independent state. The loss of Arab territories by the Ottomans had been inevitable.

The Treaty of Serves, however, could not be put into practice because there was a revolution in Turkey under the leadership of Mustafa Kemal Pasha whereby Turkey regained the control of Asia Minor and the city of constantinople.


Q6) When was the UN Conference held? Mention the main aims, organs & two specialised agencies of the UN.

Ans6) The setting up of the United Nations Organisation was one of the most important consequences of the Second World war. Early in 1945, the heads of Britain, USA & Soviet Union met at Yalta & took a decision to set up a new organisation to replace League of Nations. Subsequently a conference was held at San Francisco, USA from 25 April 1945 attended by 50 nations. On 26 June 1945 the Conference adopted the United Nations charter The main aims of UNO include:-

(a) To Maintain international peace & security
(b) To develop friendly relations among nations
(c) To achieve international cooperation in solving international economic, Social, cultural & humanitarian problems.
(d) To promote respect for human rights, dignity & freedom.

The principal organs of UNO are :-
(i) General Assembly
(ii) Security Council
(iii) Economic & social Council
(iv) Trusteeship Council
(v) International Court of Justice 
(vi) Secretariat

Two of its specialised agencies are :
(i) UNICEF - United Nations International Children's Emergency Fund
(ii) UNESCO - United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organisation.

OR

List the main aims of the Non Aligned Movement. What is the relevance of the movement in the present world? (Marks 4)

Ans. The main aims of the Non Aligned movement include:-

(a) The new independent states avoid alignment to preserve their independence because they are militarily & economically weak.
(b) Colonialism & imperialism have encouraged the spirit of exploitation, so every attempt is made by the non-aligned countries to end colonialism & imperialism.
(c) The non-aligned countries kept themselves away from the power blocs & tried to shift the balance of power in favour of peace.
(d) The NAM is against the spirit of fighting. It has full faith in cooperation & peaceful co-existence.
(e) The non-aligned countries have firm faith in the principle of equality. They condemn racial discrimination as negation of humanity.

The expressions of doubts about the relevance of NAM have become stronger after the collapse of the Soviet Union and the socialist bloc. In this post-cold war era, the summits of NAM were held in Jakarta 1992, Columbia 1995 & Durban 1998, where the NAM members genuinely committed to find out new validity, direction & relevance to the movement & India is the main actor in this regard.
Even in this post-cold war era, NAM projected as a strong movement for the promotion of the international peace & creation of a nuclear weapon free world order The NAM helps in protecting the interests of developing countries in the new world saturations, by focusing upon the issues of development, disarmament, environment, human rights & restructuring the UN. In this era of globalization & privatization, truly the movement played a significant role in rectifying the growing defects of the global economic system. Free trade is a major concern for the developing countries in this changed scenario. The movement plays a significant role for uniform application of trade regulations without any discriminations. It has also taken its concrete stand against poverty, hunger, illiteracy, racial discrimination, high debt servicing inequitable order, unequal economic order, terrorism, nuclear weapon, environmental degradation & any from of colonialism. Thus, it can be said that NAM is even more relevant today than it was at any time in the past.


Q7) Explain four major contributions of Swami Vivekananda in the improvement of national life.

Ans7) Swami Vivekananda founded the Ramakrishna Mission in 1896 to propagate the teaching of his master Ramakrishna Paramhansa. Ramakrishna Mission of Swami Vivekananda made the following contributions in the spheres of social & Religious reforms:-

(i) Vivekananda stressed on social action. Knowledge unaccompanied by action in the actual world in which we live is useless, he said. He proclaimed the essential oneness of all religions & condemned any narrowness in religious matters.

(2) Vivekananda condemned the caste system & the current Hindu emphasis on rituals & superstitions.

(3) He preached humanism & urged the people to imbibe the spirit of equality, liberty & free. thinking.

(4) He was convinced of the superior approach of the Indian philosophical tradition. He himself subscribed to vedanta which he declared to be a fully rational system. He criticised Indians for having lost touch with the rest of the world & become stagnant & mummified.

OR

What was the impact of social reform movements on the emancipation of Indian women?(Marks 4)

Ans. The modern reform movements laid much stress on the pitiable condition of women & tried to improve their plight. Chief among them were Raja Rammohan Roy who founded the Brahmo Samaj & laid stress on women's education & the widow remarriage. He also gave suggestions to Lord William Bentinck to prohibit the Sati system by law.

Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar founded many educational institutions, encouraged widow remarriage & started the movement against the child marriage.
Swami Dayanand Saraswati founded the Arya Samaj & laid stress on equality of both the sexes & advocated the education of women. He also campaigned against the Sati system & the female infanticide.

Sir Syed Ahmad Khan Demanded a ban on the purdah system & polygamy in the Muslim society. He called the custom of an easy divorce, by simple repeating thrice the world divorce, as an injustice to women & devoid of all logic. He also advocated education for the Muslim women.

To some extent the efforts of the religious & social reformers of the 19th century provided solace to the poor women. Educational institutions, exclusively for women, were opened. Polyganmy was looked down upon & the widow remarriage was accepted. The Sati System & the child marriage were legally banned. Female infanticide was also prohibited by Law. Now the purdah system also was despised. Unless all these evils were totally eradicated neither education could spread among women nor they could take part in other fields of life.


Q8) How did the developments in Europe between 1922-39 which created conditions for the second world War.

Ans. 8) A number of developments took place between 1922-39 which created conditions for the second world war.

(i) Treaty of Versailles -The Treaty of Versailles failed to ensure justice the terms of the treaty were very harsh, severe, disgracing & humiliating. It was an imposed Treaty. However with the coming up of Nazism & Fascism, the Treaty of Versailles was abrogated. This created conditions for the second world War.

(2) Rise of Fascism & Nazism - Italy & Germany emerged as the two fascist powers they abrogated the provisions of Treaty of versailles. The aggressive plicy followed by germany, Italy & Japan, was also responsible for the outbreak of Second World War.

(3) Policy of Appeasement - France & England followed the policy of appeasement towards the fascist powers. They thought that the fascist powers would check the rise of communism. As a result, Japan invaded China & occupied manchuria in 1931, Italy invaded Ethiopia in 1935, Fascist forces destroyed democracy in Spain in 1936, Germany invaded Austria in 1938 & occupied it, Germany occupied Sudetenland in 1938 & the entire Czechoslovakia in 1939. But these fascist powers were not checked in time & finally with the German invasion of Poland the Second world War started.

(4) Weakness of the League of nations - The League of Nations could not take action against the fascist countries. It did not have its own armed force nor did USA join it. As it is, the fascist powers had no problems in ignoring it.

(5) Militarism in Europe - The militarism was bound to result in an armed conflict. The League of Nations could not control the war of weapons.

(6) The Munich Pact & Invasion of Poland - The Prime Ministers of England & France met Hittler & Mussolini at Munich in Germany on 29th & 30th September 1938 & agreed to Germany's terms of occupying Sudetenland. Soon, Germany occupied not only Sudetenland but also the entire Czechoslovakia by March 1939. However, Germany's attack on Poland in 1939 Forced both England & France to give up the policy of appeasement & to declare war against Germany on 3rd September, 1939.

OR

Discuss the steps taken by the Soviet Union to emerge as a major economic power, after the First world War. (Marks 6)

Ans. The First World War had totally ravaged the economy of Russia. The government had resorted to 'War communism' to prevent a total collapse. Handed estates had been confiscated & distributed to peasants but all that the peasants produced beyond their minimum essential requirements was appropriated by the government to feed the rest of the population. Whatever was produced by industries was distributed to workers & other people to meet their minimum essential requirements in lieu of wages. These measures led to widespread discontent & in some places there were revolts.

In 1921, a new policy, called the New Economic Policy (NEP), was adopted & the measures adopted under war communism were withdrawn. Peasant control over their produce was restored, salaries were paid in cash, trade in goods was reopened, & efforts were made to rehabilitate the economy. In some industries, private management was introduced & many small industries were allowed to remain in private hands. A large number of cooperatives were set up. The NEP helped the economy to recover to the pre-war level & laid the foundations of further development. This policy remained in force till 1928.

The first Five year Plan was launched in 1929 & the second in 1934. By the time Second world War started, Soviet Russia had become a strong industrialized & military power. This was achieved by mobilizing her own internal resources entirely under the auspices of the State & under state ownership. Whatever privat enterprises existed during the period of the NEP had also been taken over by the state, X private ownership of & control over industry & trade had become non-existent. Vast changes took place in the agricultural sector which while helping the modernization of agriculture with the help of machines & tractors, had disastrous consequences in human terms. Vast State Farms were set up & the Rest of the farmlands were collectivized. The individual small holdings of the peasants were brought together & collective farms, called kolkhozes, were set up. By the end of the 1930s, almost all land was brought under collective forms, & the peasants worked collectively on the state farms. This was often done by adopting measures of extreme coercion. The class of rich peasants was eliminated.


Q9) Assess the role of Mahatama Gandhi in Indian National Movement, with special reference to the methods adopted by him.

Ans. 9) M.K. Gandhi is not only a name but an idea, an image & a harbinger of hope. Never before, in the history of national struggle, a national leader had acquired a status of magnitude. He dominated the scene of Indian politics from 1919 to 1947- the period rightly called as "The Gandhian Era".
Gandhi made the powerful & strong British Government yield by the use of his peaceful weapon of non-violence. The methods he employed included the peaceful movements of Non-Cooperation, Satyagrah, Boycott, Swadeshi, Civil Disobedience etc.

Gandhi laboured hard to keep the Hindus & Muslims united so that the British policy of Divide & Rule does not succeed. The khilafat Movement clubbed with the Non-cooperation movement is a good example of this. He Did a lot for the uplift of the Harijans & laboured hard to get them a respectable position in the society.
Gandhi made the congress movement a mass movement. Before him, the nationalist movement was restricted to the upper & the middle classes, But it goes to the credit of Mahatama Gandhi that under his leadership even the common peasants & workers began to take an active part in the national movement. The common man had started realising the importance of his powers. They realized the strength of their unity & cooperation & learnt the lessons of self sacrifice & self reliance.
Besides this Gandhiji, through the advocacy of use of Swadeshi goods & boycott of foreign goods, promoted the cause of cottage & village industries like khadi. This will also make the people self-reliant & harm the financial interest of the British.

A surface reading of his life would present Gandhi as a valiant fighter. But if only one could dive deep between the lines there emerges an individual whose every deed was constructive & positive. Gandhi remains par - excellence as far as the universality & a mass appeal is concerned. Gandhi has acquired such a lofty position-he may either be adored or brutally criticised but be can never be ignored & in this lies the charisma of the man in Loins cloth.

OR

What was the significance of the Lahore Session of Indian National Congress of 1929? What were its immediate effects? (Marks 6)

Ans. The forty-fourth session of the Congress was held at Lahore in December 1929 under the presidentship of Pt. Jawaharlal Nehru. This session gave voice to the new, militant spirit. It passed a resolution declaring Poorna Swaraj to be the Congress objective. On 31 December 1929 was hoisted the newly adopted tri-colour flag of freedom 26 January 1930 was fixed as the first Independence Day, which was to be so celebrated every year with the people taking the pledge that it was "a crime against man & God to submit any longer" to the British rule. The Congress session also announced the launching of a civil disobedience movement. But it did not draw up a programme of struggle. That was left to Mahatma Gandhi, the Congress organisation being placed at his disposal. Once again the country was filled with hope & exhilaration & the determination to be free. Thus the message of Swaraj was taken to the very hearts of the masses.

Things happened as planned & on 12 March 1930, Gandhi started the Civil Disobedience movement with his famour Dandi March. The movement spread to Karnataka, Maharashtra & Central provinces where lakhs of people joined hartals, demonstrations, the campaign to boycott foreign goods & to refuse to pay taxes & offered satyagrah. Subsequently the First Round Table Conference failed & the second led to the signing of the Gandhi Irwin Pact.

Q 10) Mention 3 main features of Non-Cooperation movement.

Ans10) The Non-Cooperation Movement proceeded in stages, beginning with the renunciation of titles to be followed by the boycott of the legislatures, law courts, education at institutions & the campaign of non payment of taxes.
The national movement became a mass movement for the first time. It did not remain confined to the urban class only. It also spread among the middle class, peasants & workers.

It brought the Hindus & the Muslims on the same platform. The national movement was changed into a revolutionary movement. The women also gave up their purdah to join the movement & gladly went to jail.

OR

Why did the imperial nations colonize the countries of Asia & Africa? Give any 3 reasons(Marks 3)

Ans. The Industrial Revolution led to the establishment of large scale industries which began to manufacture goods in large quantities. The goods thus produced were so abundant that they needed markets in other countries. Almost all the countries of Europe had developed their own industries, so they could not sell their goods in any other European country. Besides, each of them had introduced a system of 'protective tariff' to protect their own industries. All These circumstances forced them to explore more markets in other lands.

(1) Such countries as could become markets for their surplus goods were to be the countries of Asia & Africa where Industrial Revolution had not yet taken place.

(2) Political occupation of these countries could also ensure them regular exploitation of the natural resources of the Asian & African countries for the supply of raw materials to their industries.

(3) Several European capitalists were anxious to invest their surplus capital in the Asian countries so that they could have not only cheap & abundant supply of raw materials but also cheap labour. But at the same time, these European capitalists desired protection for their investment which could only be possible if they exercised political control over the territories of their trade.


Section B - CIVICS

Q11) What is meant by National Integration? (Marks 2)

Ans11) National Integration is a condition of unity in diversity in which the components & the whole are equally valid & mutually interdependent. National Integration means cohesion but not fusion, unity but not uniformity, reconciliation but not merger, accommodation but not elimination, assimilation but not extinction, synthesis but not non existence, solidarity but not regimentation, of the many segments of the people in a territorial sovereignty.

Q12) Give two reasons for the existing economic inequality in India. (Marks 2)

Ans12) Economic inequality in India exists due to the following reasons:-

(a) Illiteracy & Unemployment - Illiteracy is a curse for it keeps the people ignorant & idle People fail to get employment because of this & earn an adequate living for themselves.

(b) Black money - The evil of black money is another factor that makes the rich still richer while the poor remain steeped in poverty. Inspite of the governmental measures for equal distribution of property like the progressive taxation system, the evil of black money defies all norms & defeats the main purpose of such policies.

Q13) Why is it necessary to have well-informed & socially responsible citizens to make democracy meaningful? (Marks 3)

Ans13) Democracy is the Government of the people, by the people & for the people. Unless & until the people i.e. the citizens are aware of their rights & duties towards the family, society & the nation, they can not perform their duties meaningfully & in the interest of one & all. A good citizen strengthens a democratic state by having a clear view of his own & other's rights, demanding what he can claim from the Government, knowing what Government can claim from them, & creating a strong social opinion against social evils.

Q14) Describe three major challenges that Indian democracy faces. (Marks 3)

Ans14) The greatest danger to a democratic society comes from the tendency to place one's community above others. There may be communities based on religion, caste, language or region. The challenges faced by the Indian democracy includes.

(i) Communalism - It means placing one's own religious community above other, even above the nation. It is a legacy of the Divide & Rule policy of the British. Communalism is the enemy of progress, social change, democracy,& human fraternity. It generates not only a false consciousness but seeks to counter pose on false premises one citizen against another & thereby weaken the structure of national fraternity.

(2) Casteism - Casteism is the exploitation of caste consciousness for narrow political gains. As a result, democratic facilities are misused for maintaining castist identity. The worst aspect of casteism is expressed at two levels. One, when the upper castes try to deny to the backward castes, the avenues of progress & the right of equality. Second, when the landed jatis, in order to maintain their traditional hold on land, wealth & power, try to deny to other backward jatis & shudras their rights & opportunities given to them by the Constitution, the laws & by the community welfare schemes.

(3) Regionalism - Regionalism & sub-regionalism are unavoidable in a country as vast & expansive as India. The feeling of regionalism may grow as a result of differential economic development of the nation. Popular feelings against regional inequality have led to movements for regional autonomy or for a new state. Such divisive tendencies are unhealthy for India.

Q15) "India has been playing a significant role in promoting world peace through United Nations." Explain. (Marks 4)

Ans15) India, which is a primary member of the UN, even when it was not independent, had always taken keen interest in all the activities of the UN, hence its role in this unique activity is inevitable.
The objectives of UN peace-keeping are common with the foreign policy goals enshrined in India. Besides, they cherish the long tradition & contemporary outlook of India towards international relations.
Significant role played by India in the UN peace keeping operations is evident from its following activities:

(1) India, despite its limitations in terms of military & financial fields, took part in maximum number of UN peace-keeping operations. Its conviction towards these activities can be gauged from the fact that even while it was engaged in War with its neighbours (1962 & 1965), it supplied troops for such UN activities.

(2) India also provided leadership to some important missions, such as Sinai (1956-57), Yemen (1963), Cyprus(1964), Namibia(1989), etc. where it provided force commander. Besides, its officers served as members of supervisory commissions, military adviser to Secretary General & observers in number of UN activities.

(3) The peace-keeping activities is costing India very heavily. Approximately, India is spending US $ 16 million per year on such activities. But despite its poor economic conditions, India has cleared all its dues to the UN pool in contrast to the major powers who have yet to pay huge share of their contribution towards this end.

(4) India, keeping its long tradition & commitment to global peace & tranquility, took an important decision in 1995 to commit a Brigade group to the UN Standby Force arrangement so that peace operations could not be delayed due to lack of forces at UN command.
Social Science Class - X (CBSE)
You are on Set no I answer 16 to 19

Q16) Under what conditions can a state of emergency be declared in India? What is the role of the President during emergency?

Ans16) The President is empowered to declare emergency in the following three conditions:-

(1) Emergency caused by war or external aggression or armed rebellion. In such a situation, the Parliament enacts laws for the entire country. The fundamental rights of the citizens are suspended & the administration takes the unitary form of government.

(2) Emergency on account of the failure of constitutional machinery in states. If the Governor of a state reports to the President that the Government of the state can not be run according to the constitutional provisions, then the President can declare a state of emergency. In such a situation, the legislative Assembly of the state is dissolved & the administration is carried on by the Governor as per the directives of the President.

(3) Emergency on account of a threat to financial stability or credit of India. Consequent of this proclamation the President can reduce the pay & allowances of the government servants.
In all the above cases, the President cannot act in an Arbitrary manner. The power given to the President to declare Emergency shall not be exercised unless the decision of the Union Cabinet has been communicated to him in writing. Moreover, every such Proclamation is required to be laid before each House of the Parliament.

OR

Describe briefly the powers & functions of the supreme court of India. What steps can it take to protect the Fundamental Rights of the citizens? (Marks 6)

Ans. The jurisdiction of the supreme Court of India is very extensive. Its powers & functions are detailed below:

(1) Original Jurisdiction - It means the hearing of those cases which cannot be moved in any other court than the supreme court. This includes the following cases (i) A dispute between the Government of India & the states, (ii) the cases in which on the one side the Union Government & one or more states & on the other side one & moe states are involved, (iii) A dispute between two or more states.

(2) Appellate jurisdiction - This involves the following cases - (i) Constitutional cases - if the High Court gives a certificate to the effect that the case involves the interpretation of constitution, then on appeal against the judgment of the High Court will lie to the supreme Court, (ii) Civil Cases - Appeals can lie to the supreme Court in all the civil cases provided that the High Court gives a certificate to the effect that a matter of public importance or that of substantive question of law is involved, (iii) Criminal cases - The following cases do not require the certificate of the High Court (a) Any case in which the High Court has reversed the judgment of acquittal given by the lower Court & has punished the accused to death sentence (b) Any case in which the High Court has withdrawn for trial before itself any case from the subordinate Court & has convicted the accused & sentenced him to death.

(3) Advisory Jurisdiction - President has the authority to seek advice of the Supreme Court on any question of law. But the supreme Court cannot be compelled to give the advice & it is not obligatory for the President to follow the advice of the Supreme Court.

(4) Court of Record - Being the highest Court of land, its judgments & directions are preserved as a record This record has taken the form of "precedents". Its judgments are binding on all the courts of India & applicable to all similar cases.

(5) Protector of Fundamental Rights - The supreme Court is the protector of Fundamental Rights. It possesses power to issue various directions & writs which are as follows - Habeas Corpus, Mandamus, Prohibition, Quo Warranto & Certiorari. By issuing these Writs the Supreme Court directs the officers & the courts to remain within the bounds of their jurisdiction. Any citizen whose fundamental rights have been violated may move the Supreme Court for the enforcement of the rights.


Section C - GEOGRAPHY


Q17.1) Which side of the Western Ghats has steep slope?
Q17.2) Name the bay in which river krishna drains its water.
Q17.3) Name the state which produces the most coffee.
Q17.4) Where is 'Bombay High ' located?
Q17.5) How far is Calcutta Port from the sea coast?
Ans17.1) Southern side.
Ans17.2) Bay of Bengal
Ans17.3) Karnataka
Ans17.4) Bombay High is located in the Arabian sea near the off-shore of Mumbai.
Ans17.5) About 80 miles (128Kms)

Q18)  Table: Production of fertilizers (in tonnes)

Study the table given above & answer the following questions:
Q18.1) The consumption of fertilizers per hectare has increased by how many times in 1988-89 in comparison to 1950-51 (Marks 1)
Q18.2) Mention the total quantity of fertilizers (including produced & imported) available to farmers during 1986-87. (Marks 1)
Ans18.1) The consumption of fertilizers per hectare has increased 4.7(or 5 times) in 1988-89 in comparison to 1950-51.
Ans18.2) Total quantity of fertilizers available to farmers during 1889-87 was 81,70,000 tonnes.

Note:-The following question is for Blind Candidates only in lieu of Q18.

Q18) Why is consumption of fertilizers per hectare in agriculture in India increasing year by year? Give two reasons for it. (Marks 2)

Ans18) The consumption of fertilizers per hectare in agriculture is increasing because:-

(i) Being continuously under plough, the land is losing its natural fertility. Fertilizers provides strength for cultivation.

(2) Demand of food-grains is constantly increasing thereby putting pressure on the land for more production.

Q19.1) Name two countries where the average size of the landholdings is smaller than that of India. (Marks 1)
Q19.2) Compare & contrast merits & demerits of landholdings in India with that of France with reference to mechanisation in farming. (Marks 1)
Ans19.1) Japan & Zaire are two countries where the average size of the landholdings is smaller than that of India.
Ans19.2) Average size of land holdings in France is 10 times that of India. Indian formers cannot mechanise their farms because of  (i) small holdings (ii) economic reasons & (iii) abundance of cheap manual labour.

Note:- The following question is for Blind candidates only in lieu of Q19.

Q19) Write two differences between intensive & extensive forming. (Marks 2)

Ans19) 
(i) Intensive agriculture is the one in which the agriculturalist produces more by working hard & making use of the better agricultural means on the same fields over & over again. Extensive agriculture is the one in which the agriculturalist tries to get the greatest output by brining more & more new areas under plough or farming. 

(2) Intensive agriculture is taken up in thickly populated areas where land is also limited. Extensive farming is taken up in sparsely populated areas where land is in abundance.

Q20) Mention the location of India with reference to the Equator & the Prime Meridian. How is India's geographical location favourable for international trade? Give two points (Marks 1+2=3)

Ans20) India is situated in the north of the equator between 8o4' north & 37o6' north latitudes & to the east of the prime meridian between 68o7' east & 97o25' east longitudes.
Its location has an economic advantage too. Towards its west lies the countries of west Asia & Africa. The opening of Suez Canal has reduced its distance from Europe by about 7000 km. In its south-east lie many countries with which we have trade through sea routes.

Q21) Explain 'natural ecosystem'. Why is any attempt to tamper with ecosystem frought with grave Risks? Mention two reasons. (Marks 1+2=3)

Ans21) All the plants & animals in a given area are so closely inter-linked & interdependent that they can not be thought of exclusively with out the other. Thus there exists a relationship between living & non-living elements of the earth. So every kind of life together with the physical environment in a given area forms. an ecosystem.
Plant & animal life is very essential for the survival of human beings, so it becomes absolutely necessary to maintain the eco-system & save them. Otherwise man will have to pay heavily for his foolishness. Many species of flora & fauna will vanish & as such not only he but his coming generations will be deprived of much charm, beauty & variety. It will also disrupt the food chain & thus human life. Secondly, with the reduction in the number of green plants, the pollution will rise to enormous limits thus leading to global warming.

Q22) What is a 'follow land'? Mention two advantages of it to farmers. (Marks 1+2=3)

Ans22) Land which is cultivated once in two or three years is called a follow land. It is left alone for some time to recoup its strength.
Advantages that is brings to farmers is:-
(a) When sown they add to the agricultural production of the farmers. They serve as boon for them. They enhance their income.
(b) Moreover, the farmers do not have to spend much to prepare these lands.

Q23) What type of climate would India have had, if the Arabian sea, the Bay of Bengal & the Himalayas had not been there? Explain it with reference to temperature & precipitation. (Marks 2+2=4)

Ans23) India is divided in almost two equal parts of by Tropic of Cancer, that runs east west just half way through the country. The presence of Himalayas in the north, Indian ocean in south, Bay of Bengal towards the east & Arabian sea to the west has given India a tropical climate. Water on three sides gives the required moisture to the landmass. It is the cause of the rainfall that we get through the mechanism of the monsoons. Had the water not been there, India would have turned into a hot desert.
The Himalayas provide an invincible shield to protect the Indian subcontinent from the north cold & chilly winds. We have relatively high temperatures almost throughout the year & dry winters barring the northern hilly areas. In the absence of Himalayas, India would have become a cold country.

Q24) Name the crop season in which rice (Paddy) is grown in India. Mention about climate, soil & two areas where rice is chiefly grown. (Marks 4)

Ans24) Rice is grown in the Kharif season in India in autumn. Rice plant thrives well in hot and humid climate. It requires a rainfall of 100cm and above and the normal temperature of more than 25oC. Loamy fertile soil is most suitable for the rice crop and the land should be leveled. Alluvial soils of river valleys and deltas are ideal for the cultivation of rice.
Rice is grown in the deltas of Krishna, Kaveri, Godavari and Mahanadi. where there is a dense network of canal irrigation. Besides, the coastal strip of west, foot-hills and Tarai regions along the Himalayas and West Bengal, Bihar, Eastern UP also produce rice in abundant quantity.
It is sown with the onset of the south-west monsoon in India which coincides with the months of June and July is harvested. 

Q25) Explain four points regarding modernisation in Indian Railways. (Marks 4)

Ans25) Indian Railways network is the fourth largest in the world. The following points explain the growth and development of railways in India.

(1) Intensive utilization of track, wagons and coaches - The total route length of railways in India was nearly 61,000 km. They employ about 1.8 million workers. Railways are responsible for carrying 4/5th of entire goods traffic in the country. The volume of railway traffic is 218 million tonnes. It carries over 9 million passengers every day.

(2) Electrification - There has been constant efforts to electrify railway routes, and pave the way for replacing diesel engines and locomotives run by coal. More than 7 thousand kms. of track has been electrified.

(3) Facilities given to passengers - Railways have introduced 2 tier and 3 tier sleeper coaches on almost all the long distance railway services. They have now introduced 2 tier air conditioned coaches along with the 1st class coaches. Rajdhani Express, Shatabdi Express, and other such fast trains have been added to the comfort and convenience of the passengers.

(4) Besides this, container service has been introduced to provide door to door service which the trucks had been doing so far.

Q26) "Coal is an exhaustible resource. There is a great need to conserve it". Suggest and explain five measures to reduce dependence on coal (Marks 5x1=5)

Ans26) Coal, besides being a prime source of industrial energy, is also an important raw material in steel and chemical industries. It is an exhaustible mineral and we should conserve it. We can reduce the dependence on coal in the following ways:-

(1) The mining techniques should be improved so that the wastages are cut down and optimum production is got.
(2) As a fuel for industries, we should try to generate more power from renewable sources like Hydro electricity and atomic energy.
(3) Coal is extensively used as domestic fuel. This can be substituted by natural gas, biogas and to some extent solar energy etc. Smokeless chullas are also useful.
(4) Till the recent past Indian Railways were mainly using coal to run their steam engines. The electrification of Railways and use of diesel engines has cut down the consumption of coal.
(5) We should take a serious account of the coal situation and try to use it judiciously so that we may enjoy its benefits for a longer time.


Section D - ECONOMICS


Q27) Distinguish, between Gross Domestic Product and Net Domestic Product. Mention one example (Marks 3)

Ans27) Gross Domestic Product (GDP) - The aggregate of all final goods and services produced in a year without the deduction of any depreciation i.e., wear and tear of the land, buildings and machinery used in production is called Gross Domestic Product.
Net Domestic Product (NDP) - When depreciation is deducted from the Gross Domestic Product, the resultant is the Net Domestic Product.
E.g.: If GDP is 7000 Rs. and Annual depreciation is 1,500 Rs, then the NDP
= GDP - depreciation 
= 7,000 - 1,500
= 5, 500 Rs.

Q28) Mention three goals given in the preamble of the Indian Constitution. How can 'social justice' be achieved ? (Marks 3)

Ans28) Three goals given in the Preamble are:-

(1) To secure to all citizens social, economic and political justice.
(2) Liberty of thought, expression, belief, faith and worship
(3) Equality of status and opportunity.

Social justice can be achieved by:-

(1) Providing adequate means of livelihood to all citizens.
(2) By securing the right to work, education, and public assistance in unemployment, old age and sickness.
(3) By securing just conditions of work, a living wage and decent standard of living for the people.

Q29) Explain the importance of foreign trade in the economy of India. Mention four points (Marks 4)

Ans29) Indian foreign trade has great importance because of the following facts:-

(1) Foreign trade helps us to meet any shortages of essential consumer goods by imports.
(2) Foreign trade is essential to earn foreign exchange necessary to buy certain goods from other countries.
(3) Foreign trade is a source of meeting the urgent need of certain commodities needed in emergency (flood, famine etc)
(4) The development of foreign trade leads to economic co-operation among the different countries of the world and develops friendly relations among them.