Q4) By whom was Congress Khilafat Swarajya Party (Swarajist Party) joined? What was their main aim. (Marks 2)

Ans4) The Swarajist Party was formed by C.R. Das and Motilal Nehru in December 1922. They aimed to enter the Legislative Councils, obstruct their working according to official plans, expose their weakness, transform them into arenas of political struggle, and thus use them to arouse public enthusiasm.

Q5) Describe the main objective of the League of Nations. (Marks 2)

Ans5) The primary objectives of the League were : -
(1) The promotion of international cooperation, peace and security.

(2) The maintenance of peace requires the reduction of national armaments.

(3) Members of the League undertake to respect and preserve as against external aggression, the territorial integrity and existing political independence of all members.

(4) If any member of the League resorted to war, it shall be deemed to have committed an act of war against all other members of the league.

Q7) Examine the four major features of the 19th century Indian Society.
Ans7) Refer to Q7, C.B.S.E 1999, Set I

OR

Examine the contribution of Mahadev Govinda Ranade and Jyotiba Phule to social reform. (Marks 4)

Ans. Mahadev Govinda Ranade was one of the founders of Indian National Congress. He was a member of Sarvajanik Sabha and was instrumental in forming Indian Social Congress in 1887. The conference worked as a secular organisation and campaigned for abolition of cast, intercaste marriages, raising of the marriageable age, discouragement of polygamy, widow remarriage, women's education and improvement in the conditions of outcastes.
Jotirao Govindrao Phule questioned the supremacy of Brahmins and the authority of scriptures. In 1873, he organised Satyashodhak Samaj for the upliftment of lower castes and played a role in the spread of education among girls of lower castes.

Section B - CIVICS

Q13) Describe the evil effects of over-population on Indian economy. (Marks 3)

Ans13) Population explosion has caused havoc to our economic system.

(a) Population and per capita income - If the population of a country increases, the rate of growth of per capita income fails to keep pace with the rate of growth of national income. It implies that the rising population eats away the rising income. That is what has been happening in India.

(b) Population and pressure on land - Rising population has obstructed improvements in agriculture, which in turn has caused adverse effects on agricultural productivity. It also gives rise to widespread disguised unemployment and under employment in the agricultural sector. Moreover, the gap between the fast rising demand for food on account of growing population and slower rise in the output of food has widened.

(c) Population and unemployment - Increasing population increases the supply of manpower. The current agricultural base and the industrial and commercial superstructure cannot usefully accommodate any more people. Hence, rising population, resulting in larger labour force, has led to rising unemployment but in rural and urban sector.

Q14) What is the role of Election Commission in holding free and fair elections ? (Marks 3)

Ans14) The entire process of election in our country is controlled and conducted by an independent body called the Election Commission. In order to ensure free and fair elections it does the following :-

(1) It conducts and supervises elections and bye-elections to the Parliament, State Legislatures, and to the Office of the President and the Vice-President.

(2) Its responsibility is to fix the election programme, including dates for nomination and scrutiny of candidates, and date of elections, make arrangements for setting up necessary number of polling booths, lay down procedure for the exercise of secret ballot, appoint adequate number of returning officers and declare results after the proper counting and scrutiny of votes.

(3) It prepares guidelines for a code of conduct for political parties, candidates and voters.

(4) It determines the criteria for recognising political parties and then recognise them and decide their election symbols and allocate time to them for the use of radio and television in order to help them reach out to the people on election issues.

Section C - GEOGRAPHY

Q20) What is the degree of longitude whose local time has been accepted as Indian Standard Time (IST) of India? How did "Tethys' sea disappear from the Indian subcontinent ? Give two point. (Marks 1+2=3)

Ans. 20) There is a difference of about two hours in the local time of the eastern-most parts and the western most parts of India. So we have accepted 82o30' E longitude as the standard meridian of India and its time as IST.
'Tethys' was an elongated and shallow sea sandwiched between the two giant landmasses - 'the Angaraland' in the north and 'the Gondwanaland' in the south.

(1) For millions of years denudation of these two land masses resulted in deposition of silt into the Tethys.

(2) The two giant landmasses were slowly but steadily heading towards each other. This lateral compressional force acting from two opposite directions made the sea not only shrink further but also buckle up forming a chain of islands to begin with and over millions of years into the mighty folded mountains such as the Himalayas of today.

Q21) Relief has affected the distribution of natural vegetation in the Himalayan Region. Explain it with three examples. (Marks 3)

Ans. 21) Altitude is an important consideration in the distribution of vegetation in mountainous region because temperature decreases with increasing altitude.

(1) The Shivaliks, the foothills of Himalayas, are clothed with tropical moist deciduous flora. Sal & Bamboo trees are most common in the belt.

(2) Between 1,000 & 2,000 meters above the sea level we have the wet hill forests. Evergreen broad leave oaks, chestnuts & apples are common in this belt.

(3) Between 1,600 - 3,300 meters above sea level, pine, cedar, silver fir & spruce are some of the important species. These are the coniferous forests of the temperate region.

Q22) What is a waste land? How is man helping in increasing waste land? Give two points. (Marks 1+2=3)

Ans. 22) Waste land is the land which is not utilized for being rocky, sandy & arid. The high mountains and uneven lands also belong to this category. At times human beings have also been responsible to add to such areas by:-

(1) Extensive deforestation carried out by man, turns land into a waste land.

(2) The dirty & poisonous affluent of his factories in the surrounding areas also turns those lands into waste land.

Section D - ECONOMICS

Q27) Distinguish between Cottage Industries & Small scale Industries. Mention three points. (Marks 3)

Ans. 27)
Cottage Industries

1. Only the members of a family are engaged & work at home.

2. The worker works for his family & does not sell his labour.

3. Very small investment is required in cottage industries.

Small Scale Industries

1. Workers from different sections of the society are engaged & work away from home.

2. The worker sells his labour power to a capitalist.

Capital upto Rs. 35 lakhs can be involved in the investment of plant & machinery.


Section A - HISTORY

Q 1) What is meant by New Deal (1933)? (Marks 2)

Ans1) The economic crises of 1929-33 had worst affected the economy of the USA & led to the victory of Democratic party & Franklin D. Roosevelt became the President of the USA. Under his leadership a programme of economic reconstruction & social welfare was started to improve the conditions of workers & create employment. This programme is called New Deal.

Q 5) Name the two military alliances formed before the First world war. How did their formation make the First world war inevitable? (Marks 4)

Ans5) In 1882 was formed the Triple Alliance comprising Germany, Austria-Hungary & Italy. As opposed to this, emerged the Triple Entente comprising France, Russia & Britain in 1907.
The emergence of these two hostile camps made it inevitable that a conflict involving any one of these countries would become an all-European war. As the aims of these countries in these camps included the extension of their colonial possessions, an all-European war almost certain would become a world war. The formation of these hostile camps was accompanied with a race to build more & more deadly weapons & have larger & larger armies & haries.


Section B - CIVICS

Q13) How do casteism & untouchability hamper the democratic process in India? (Marks 3)

Ans13) Casteism is basically the exploitation of caste consciousness for narrow political gains. In the process, the democratic facilities - like fundamental rights relating to free speech, expression & association, participation in electoral system, formation of parties, free media & press, & even the legislative forum - are misused for maintaining casteist identity.

(1) It violates the basic principles enshrined in the constitution for promoting a new democratic party, namely the principles of justice, equality & fraternity.

(2) It has vitiated the atmosphere of elections, by projecting pre-democratic ascriptive identities, promoting narrow loyalties, thus weakening the modernization of the polity.

(3) It adversely affects the grassroots Panchayati Raj system, by seeking to retain the traditional mould of dominant & dominated castes, & thus frustrate the emergence of the new democratic culture of free & equal citizenship, irrespective of caste, creed or birth.

(4) It creates tension, suspicion, fear & an atmosphere of violence, by building militancy on caste lines.

Section C - GEOGRAPHY

Q20) Name the countries which have international border with India on its North-West & East. Mention two problems related to Siwalik Range or outer 
Himalayas? (Marks 1+2=3)

Ans20) Pakistan, Afghanistan in the North-West & China, Nepal, Bhutan & Bangladesh have international border with India.
The Souhtren-most ranges of Himalayas are known as Siwalik ranges:-

(1) These are made of unconsolidated river deposits & are prone to earthquakes & land-slides.

(2) Being the youngest in the Himalayan family soil-erosion is at its worst in this area.

Q21) Name two endangered species of wildlife in India. Explain two aims for establishing biosphere reserves. (Marks 1+2=3)

Ans21) Tiger, Rhino are the endangered species of wildlife in India.

(1) Biosphere reserves are being set up so that our natural heritage can be transmitted to the future generations in all its natural vigour & glory.

(2) In biosphere reserve, every plant & animal is protected amidst its natural habitat.

Q22) What do you mean by 'underground water'? Mention two areas where supply of underground water is abundant with one reason for it? (Marks 1+1+1=3)

Ans22) Rain water, that is absorbed by the soil & goes underground, is called underground water.
Areas with abundant under-water supply are:-

(1) Northern Plains - because there are enough rains & they are watered by ever-flowing rivers.

(2) Costal Plains as they get enough rains as well as many rivers & streams flow through them. Moreover they lie in close proximity to the sea.

Section D - ECONOMICS

Q27) Distinguish between Public Sector Industries & Private Sector Industries. Mention three points. (Marks 3)

Ans27)