Chapter – III

Business Environment
(2+5 =7-marks)

What is meant by “business environment”? – 2 marks

Business environment means forces and institutions which the members of a firm must deal with in order to achieve the objectives of the organization.

Forces include politic, economic, social, technological, etc (PEST) and Institutions include (competitors, customers, suppliers, etc)

The environment provides both constraints and opportunities. Discuss with examples

• An environment provides constraints (restrictions), which could be in the form of economic conditions, customs, government regulations, availability of natural resources, labour supply.
  Example: Despite many initiatives, foreign direct investment in India is not picking up in the country because of political and bureaucratic reasons.
• On the other hand, environment also provides the firms numerous opportunities in the form of unmet and changing needs of the customer and market.
  Example: the growing demand for air conditioners has attracted many new domestic as well as multinational firms in the industry .......

Chapter – II

Principles Of Management
(2+5 =7-marks)

What do you understand by principles of management?

• They are statements of fundamental truth
• They provide guidelines which help management to take decisions and action
• They are derived by observation and experimental studies
• They establish cause and effect relationship

How are management principles derived? – 3 marks

Management principles are derived by observation and experimental studies as follows:

Observation:

Management principles are derived by observing and analysing the events management have to face in actual practice. For example the principle of division of labour was derived after it was observed that dividing the work based on the workers’ knowledge and experience, resulted in improved performance.................

Chapter – I

Nature & Significance Of Management
(2+5 =7-marks)

Explain the term ”management” in brief?– 2 marks

Management is coordinating all the resources of an organization through the process of controlling, organising, motivating and planning (COMP) in order to achieve its goals. This process starts at the top and continues in more or less degree at every level of the organization.

State any two characteristic features of management?

Distinct activity:

• Management is a distinct activity, which consists of communicating, organizing, motivating, planning, leading, staffing, controlling, decision making, etc.
• It can be studied, experimented and practiced.....

Chapter 8

Similar Triangles

Similar Triangles:
Whenever we talk about two congruent figures then they have the ‘same shape’ and the ‘same size’. There are figures that are of the ‘same shape but not necessarily of the ‘same size’. They are said to be similar. Congruent figures are similar but the converse is not true

All regular polygons of same number of sides are similar. They are equilateral triangles, squares etc. All circles are also similar.

Two polygons of the same number of sides are similar if their corresponding angles are sides are proportional.

Two triangles are similar if their corresponding are equal and corresponding sides are proportional.

Basic Proportionality Theorem or Thales Theorem...[..]

Chapter 7

Income Tax

PERSONAL INCOME TAX

Tax imposed by the Government on the income of an indivisual person is known as personal Income tax.

Every indivisual, whose annual income exceeds a certain limit, has to pay tax to the Government known as income tax.

SOME TERMS RELATED TO INCOME TAX
Assessess: - Every individual who pays income tax is called assessee.

Financial Year:- 31^st Every year from 1st April to 31^st March is called financial year.

Assessment Year: – The year next to financial year is called assessment year. For example assessment year is 2006-2007 for the financial year 2005-2006.

Income Tax Return: - Every assess files a statement of previous years income to the income tax department which is called income tax return. It is must.

Income from Salary: - Income from salary includes. Basic Pay; Dearness Allowance (DA), City compensatory allowance (CCA), Interin Relief (IR); Honorium; Bonus; Overtime Allowance, Children’s Education Allowance; Refund of Tuition Fees; Pension, Family Pension; Leave Encashment during service period other than at the time of retirement...[..]

Chapter 6

Instalment

Instalments:
Sometimes buyer is not able to purchase an article due to lack of money. Although they are in great need of the same. Businessmen starts selling their articles by installments. The purchaser need not to pay the entire amount at the time of purchase. A part of this is paid at the time of purchase and the rest is paid in easy installments may be monthly quarterly, half year or even annually. Flats and houses are also purchased in this scheme. some times loans are also returned to the bank or finance company by the installments.

ISNTALMENT BUYING (PURCHASE)

SCHEME:
Purchaser when pays whole amount of the article at the time of purchase it is called the cash price.The part payment at the time of purchase done by the customer is called cash down payment.

Let us try some example to understand the problems:...[..]

Chapter 5

Arithmetic Progressions

Arithmetic Progression

Let us consider the following set of members :
1, 5, 9, 13, 17………….
9, 12, 15, 18, 21 ……..
-5, 0, 5, 10, 15………
1.3, 1.6, 1.9, 2.2 ……..…

All these sets follow certain rules.
In first set 5 - 1 = 9 - 5 = 13 - 9 = 17 - 13 = 4
In second set 12 - 9 = 15 - 12 = 18 - 15 = 21 - 18 = 3

.. and so on. In first set the number after 17 in 17 + 4 = 21 and in second set number after 21 is 21 + 3 = 24. In this way we find that in first set second number is 1+ 4 = 5, third number is 5 + 4 = 9 = 1 + 2 x 4 and son on.

Chapter 4

Quadratic Equations

1. Student of a class are made to stand in rows. If 4 students are extra in a row, there would be 2 rows less. If 4 students are less in a row, there would be 4 more rows. There would be 4 more rows. Find the number of students in the class.

2. Two pipes running together can fill a cistern in 6 minutes. If one pipe takes 5 minutes more than the other to fill the cistern, find the time in which each pipe would fill the cistern.

3. Rs. 9,000 were divided equally among a certain number of persons. Had there been 20 more persons, each would have got Rs. 160 less. Find the original number of persons.

4. Some student planned a picnic. The budget for food was Rs. 500. But 5 of these failed to go and thus the cost of food for each member increased by Rs 5. How many students attended the picnic?

5. The sum of two number is 15 and sum of there reciprocals is 3/10. Find the numbers.

Chapter 3

Rational Expression

Rational Expression:

An expression of the form p(x)/q(x) where p(x) and q(x) are polynomials and q(x) is a non-zero polynomials, is called a rational expression. Here p(x) is called numerator and q(x) is called denominator.

Chapter 2

HCF and LCM

• Factors of algebraic expression is obtained and then common factor of the expression iscollected. This common factors is the H.C.F.

• To find the L.C.M. we find the common factors and then we multiply then by the left out factors.
   

Chapter I

Linear Equations in two variables in two variables

Linear equation in two variables can be written as :-

and a, b and c are real numbers.

This equation has infinitely many solution. When we consider two linear equation together then we say it a system of two variable x and y. such as.

5x + 3y + 2 = 0
2x - 3y + 5 = 0