CBSE Class-11 Syllabus 2018-19 (Geography)

Rationale :

Geography is introduced as an elective subject at the senior secondary stage. After ten years of general education, students branch out at the beginning of this stage and are exposed to the rigors of the discipline for the first time.

CBSE Class-11 Syllabus 2018-19 (Political Science)

Rationale :

At the senior secondary level students who opt Political Science are given an opportunity to get introduced to the diverse concerns of a Political Scientist.

CBSE Class-11 Syllabus 2018-19 (History)

Rationale :

Through a focus on a series of critical historical issues and debates (class XI) or on a range of important historical sources (class XII), the students would be introduced to a set of important historical events and processes.

CBSE Class-11 Syllabus 2018-19 (Entrepreneurship)

Rationale :

Development of school curriculum is a dynamic process responsive to the society and reflecting the needs and aspiration of its learners.

CBSE Class-11 Syllabus 2018-19 (Accountancy)

Rationale :

The course in accountancy is introduced at plus two stage of senior second of school education, as the formal commerce education is provided after ten years of schooling.

CBSE Class-11 Syllabus 2018-19 (Business Studies)

Rationale :

The courses in Business Studies and Accountancy are introduced at + 2 stage of Senior Secondary Education as formal commerce education is provided after first ten years of schooling. Therefore, it becomes necessary that instructions in these subjects are given in such a manner that students have a good understanding of the principles and practices bearing in business (trade and industry) as well as their relationship with the society.

Business is a dynamic process that brings together technology, natural resources and human initiative in a constantly changing global environment. To understand the framework in which a business operates, a detailed study of the organisation and management of business processes and its interaction with the environment is required. Globalisation has changed the way organizations transact their business.

Information Technology is becoming a part of business operations in more and more organisations. Computerised systems are fast replacing other systems. E-business and other related concepts are picking up fast which need to be emphasized in the curriculum.

The course in Business Studies prepares students to analyse, manage, evaluate and respond to changes which affect business. It provides a way of looking at and interacting with the business environment. It recognizes the fact that business influences and is influenced by social, political, legal and economic forces.

It allows students to appreciate that business is an integral component of society and develops an understanding of many social and ethical issues.

Therefore, to acquire basic knowledge of the business world, a course in Business Studies would be useful. It also informs students of a range of study and work options and bridges the gap between school and work.

Objectives:

To develop students with an understanding of the processes of business and its environment;

• To acquaint students with the dynamic nature and inter-dependent aspects of business;
• To develop an interest in the theory and practice of business, trade and industry;
• To familiarize students with theoretical foundations of the process of organizing and managing the operations of a business firm;
• To help students appreciate the economic and social significance of business activity and the social cost and benefits arising there from;
• To acquaint students with the practice of managing the operations and resources of business;
• To enable students to act more effectively and responsibly as consumers, employers, employees and citizens;
• To develop a business attitude and skills in students.
• To inculcate appropriate attitude and develop skills among students to pursue higher education, world of work including self employment.

Cource Structure :

Part A: Foundation of Business 
Concept includes meaning and features
Unit 1: Evolution and Fundamentals of Business 

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CBSE Class-11 Syllabus 2018-19 (Economics)

Rationale :

Economics is one of the social sciences, which has great influence on every human being. As economic life and the economy go through changes, the need to ground education in children’s own experience becomes essential. While doing so, it is imperative to provide them opportunities to acquire analytical skills to observe and understand the economic realities.
At senior secondary stage, the learners are in a position to understand abstract ideas, exercise the power of thinking and to develop their own perception. It is at this stage, the learners are exposed to the rigour of the discipline of economics in a systematic way. 
The economics courses are introduced in such a way that in the initial stage, the learners are introduced to the economic realities that the nation is facing today along with some basic statistical tools to understand these broader economic realities. In the later stage, the learners are introduced to economics as a theory of abstraction.
The economics courses also contain many projects and activities. These will provide opportunities for the learners to explore various economic issues both from their day-to-day life and also from issues, which are broader and invisible in nature. The academic skills that they learn in these courses would help to develop the projects and activities. The syllabus is also expected to provide opportunities to use information and communication technologies to facilitate their learning process.

Objectives:

• Understanding of some basic economic concepts and development of economic reasoning which the learners can apply in their day-to-day life as citizens, workers and consumers.
• Realisation of learners’ role in nation building and sensitivity to the economic issues that the nation is facing today.
• Equipment with basic tools of economics and statistics to analyse economic issues. This is pertinent for even those who may not pursue this course beyond senior secondary stage.
• Development of understanding that there can be more than one view on any economic issue and necessary skills to argue logically with reasoning.

Cource Structure :

Part A: Introductory Microeconomics

Unit 1: Introduction 

Meaning of microeconomics and macroeconomics; positive and normative economics
What is an economy? Central problems of an economy: what, how and for whom to produce; concepts of production possibility frontier and opportunity cost.

Unit 2: Consumer's Equilibrium and Demand 

Consumer's equilibrium - meaning of utility, marginal utility, law of diminishing marginal utility, conditions of consumer's equilibrium using marginal utility analysis.
Indifference curve analysis of consumer's equilibrium-the consumer's budget (budget set and budget line), preferences of the consumer (indifference curve, indifference map) and conditions of consumer's equilibrium.
Demand, market demand, determinants of demand, demand schedule, demand curve and its slope, movement along and shifts in the demand curve; price elasticity of demand - factors affecting price elasticity of demand; measurement of price elasticity of demand – percentage-change method. 

Unit 3: Producer Behaviour and Supply 

Meaning of Production Function – Short-Run and Long-Run
Total Product, Average Product and Marginal Product. Returns to a Factor
Cost: Short run costs - total cost, total fixed cost, total variable cost; Average cost; Average fixed cost, average variable cost and marginal cost-meaning and their relationships.
Revenue - total, average and marginal revenue - meaning and their relationship.Producer's equilibrium-meaning and its conditions in terms of marginal revenue-marginal cost. Supply, market supply, determinants of supply, supply schedule, supply curve and its slope, movements along and shifts in supply curve, price elasticity of supply; measurement of price elasticity of supply - percentage-change method.

Unit 4: Forms of Market and Price Determination under Perfect Competition with simple applications. 

Perfect competition - Features; Determination of market equilibrium and effects of shifts in demand and supply.
Other Market Forms - monopoly, monopolistic competition, oligopoly - their meaning and features.
Simple Applications of Demand and Supply: Price ceiling, price floor.

Part B: Statistics for Economics

In this course, the learners are expected to acquire skills in collection, organisation and presentation of quantitative and qualitative information pertaining to various simple economic aspects systematically. It also intends to provide some basic statistical tools to analyse, and interpret any economic information and draw appropriate inferences. In this process, the learners are also expected to understand the behaviour of various economic data.

Unit 1: Introduction 

What is Economics?
Meaning, scope, functions and importance of statistics in Economics

Unit 2: Collection, Organisation and Presentation of data

Collection of data - sources of data - primary and secondary; how basic data is collected, with concepts of Sampling; Sampling and Non-Sampling errors; methods of collecting data; some important sources of secondary data: Census of India and National Sample Survey Organisation.
Organisation of Data: Meaning and types of variables; Frequency Distribution.
Presentation of Data: Tabular Presentation and Diagrammatic Presentation of Data: (i) Geometric forms (bar diagrams and pie diagrams), (ii) Frequency diagrams (histogram, polygon and ogive) and (iii) Arithmetic line graphs (time series graph).

Unit 3: Statistical Tools and Interpretation 

(For all the numerical problems and solutions, the appropriate economic interpretation may be attempted. This means, the students need to solve the problems and provide interpretation for the results derived.)

Measures of Central Tendency- mean (simple and weighted), median and mode 
Measures of Dispersion - absolute dispersion (range, quartile deviation, mean deviation and standard deviation); relative dispersion (co-efficient of range, co-efficient of quartile-deviation, co-efficient of mean deviation, co-efficient of variation); Lorenz Curve: Meaning, construction and its application.
Correlation – meaning and properties, scatter diagram; Measures of correlation - Karl Pearson's method (two variables ungrouped data) Spearman's rank correlation. 

Introduction to Index Numbers - meaning, types - wholesale price index, consumer price index and index of industrial production, uses of index numbers; Inflation and index numbers

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CBSE Class-11 Syllabus 2018-19 (Informatics Practices)

1. Prerequisites

Since a lot of students join CBSE schools from schools run by a state board, we are not assuming ny pre-requisites for this course other than basic mathematical skills. However, it will be helpful if the student has a basic knowledge of Computer Applications 1 and 2.

2. Learning Outcomes

1. Basic computational thinking. Learn how to reason with variables, state transitions,conditionals, and iteration.
2. Notion of data types, and higher order data structures such as lists, and dictionaries.
3. Concepts of data handling: creating, managing and working with Data Frames using Python Pandas.
4. Structure of simple SQL queries.
5. Cyber safety.

Cource Structure :

4.1 Unit 1: Programming and Computational Thinking (PCT-1) (70 Theory + 60 Practical)

• Basic computer organisation: describe a computer system and mobile system, CPU, memory,hard disk, I/O, battery, power, transition from a calculator to a computer
• Familiarization with the basics of Python programming: a simple “hello world" program, process of writing a program, running it, and print statements; simple data-types: integer, float, string
• Introduce the notion of a variable, and methods to manipulate it (concept of L-value and Rvalue even if not taught explicitly)
• Knowledge of data types and operators: accepting input from the console, assignment statement, expressions, operators and their precedence.
• Conditional statements: if, if-else, if-elif-else; simple programs: e.g.: absolute value, sort 3 numbers, divisibility.
• Notion of iterative computation and control flow: for, while, flowcharts, decision trees and pseudo code; write a lot of programs: interest calculation, EMI, tax calculation (examples from GST), standard deviation, correlation
• Lists and dictionary: finding the maximum, minimum, mean; linear search on a list of numbers, and counting the frequency of elements in a list using a dictionary.
• Text handling: compare, concat, and substring operations.
• Introduction to Python modules: creating and importing.

4.2 Unit 2: Data Handling (DH-1) (30 Theory + 20 Practical)

4.2.1. Introduction to Python Pandas

• Introduction to data structures in Pandas: Series, and Data Frame
• Operations on a Series: head, tail, vector operations
• Data Frame operations: create, display, iteration, select column, add column, delete column
• Binary operations in a Data Frame: add, sub, mul, div, radd, rsub
• Matching and broadcasting operations
• Missing data and filling values.
• Comparisons, Boolean reductions, comparing Series, and combining Data Frames.

4.2.2. Transfer data between CSV files/SQL databases, and Data Frame objects.

4.3. Unit 3: Data Management (DM-1) (30 Theory + 20 Practical)

• Relational databases: idea of a database and the need for it, relations, keys, primary key,foreign key;
• Use SQL commands to create a table, keys, and foreign keys; insert/delete an entry, delete a table.
• Basic SQL: select, project, and join; indexes, and a lot of in-class practice.

4.4. Unit 4: Society, Law and Ethics (SLE-1) - Cyber safety (10 Theory)

• Cyber safety: safely browsing the web, identity protection, confidentiality, social networks, cyber trolls and bullying
• Appropriate usage of social networks: spread of rumours, and common social networking sites (Twitter, LinkedIn, and Facebook) and specific usage rules.
• Safely accessing web sites: adware, malware, viruses, Trojans
• Safely communicating data: secure connections, eavesdropping, and phishing and identity verification.

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CBSE Class-11 Syllabus 2018-19 (Computer Science)

1. Prerequisites

No major prerequisites are required for this course other than basic Mathematical skills. However, it
will be helpful if the student has a basic knowledge of Computer Applications.

2. Learning Outcomes

1. Develop basic computational thinking. Learn how to reason with variables, state transitions,conditionals, and iteration.
2. Understand the notion of data types, and higher order data structures such as lists, tuples,and dictionaries.
3. Appreciate the notion of an algorithm, and understand its structure, including how algorithms handle corner cases.
4. Develop a basic understanding of computer systems - architecture, OS, mobile and cloud computing.
5. Learn basic SQL programming.
6. Learn all about cyber safety.

Cource Structure :

4.1 Unit 1: Programming and Computational Thinking (PCT-1) (80 Theory + 70 Practical)

• Familiarization with the basics of Python programming: a simple “hello world" program, process of writing a program, running it, and print statements; simple data-types: integer, float, string
• Introduce the notion of a variable, and methods to manipulate it (concept of L-value and Rvalue even if not taught explicitly)
• Knowledge of data types and operators: accepting input from the console, assignment statement, expressions, operators and their precedence.
• Conditional statements: if, if-else, if-elif-else; simple programs: e.g.: absolute value, sort 3 numbers, and divisibility.
• Notion of iterative computation and control flow: for, while, flowcharts, decision trees and pseudo code; write a lot of programs: interest calculation, primarily testing, and factorials.
• Idea of debugging: errors and exceptions; debugging: pdb, break points.
• Lists, tuples and dictionary: finding the maximum, minimum, mean; linear search on list/tuple of numbers, and counting the frequency of elements in a list using a dictionary. Introduce the notion of accessing elements in a collection using numbers and names.
• Sorting algorithm: bubble and insertion sort; count the number of operations while sorting.
• Strings: compare, concat, substring; notion of states and transitions using state transition diagrams.

4.2. Unit 2: Computer Systems and Organisation (CSO) (20 Theory + 6 Practical)

• Basic computer organisation: description of a computer system and mobile system, CPU,
• memory, hard disk, I/O, battery, power.
• Types of software: application, OS, utility, libraries.
• Language of Bits: bit, byte, MB, GB, TB, and PB.
• Boolean logic: OR, AND, NAND, NOR, XOR, NOT, truth tables, De Morgan’s laws
• Information representation: numbers in base 2, 8, 16, unsigned integers, binary addition
• Strings: ASCII, UTF8, UTF32, ISCII (Indian script code)
• Execution of a program: basic flow of compilation – program  binary  execution
• Interpreters (process one line at a time), difference between a compiler and an interpreter
• Running a program: Notion of an operating system, how an operating system runs a program,
• idea of loading, operating system as a resource manager.
• Concept of cloud computers, cloud storage (public/private), and brief introduction to parallel computing.

4.3. Unit 3: Data Management (DM-1) (30 Theory+ 24 Practical)

• Relational databases: idea of a database and the need for it, relations, keys, primary key,oreign key; use SQL commands to create a table, keys, foreign keys; insert/delete an entry, delete a table.
• SQL commands: select, project, and join; indexes, and a lot of in-class practice.
• Basics of NoSQL databases - Mongo DB.

4.4. Unit 4: Society, Law and Ethics (SLE-1) - Cyber safety (10 Theory)

• Cyber safety: safely browsing the web, identity protection, confidentiality, social networks,cyber trolls and bullying
• Appropriate usage of social networks: spread of rumours, and common social networking sites (Twitter, LinkedIn, and Facebook) and specific usage rules.
• Safely accessing web sites: adware, malware, viruses, Trojans
• Safely communicating data: secure connections, eavesdropping, phishing and identity verification.

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CBSE Class-11 Syllabus 2018-19 (Home Science)

Home Science as a discipline aims to empower learners by developing understanding of five different

• areas namely:
• Food and Nutrition
• Human Development, Childhood Studies
• Resource Management
• Fabric and Apparel Science
• Development Communications and Extension
• The subject helps students to understand changing needs of Indian society, academic principles as well as
• develop professional skills.This would make them competent to meet challenges of becoming a
• responsible citizen.

Objectives:

The syllabus at Senior Secondary level develops an understanding in the learners that the knowledge and skills acquired through Home Science facilitates development of self, family and community. It endeavors to –

• Acquaint learners with the basics of human development with specific reference to self and child.
• Help to develop skills of judicious management of various resources.
• Enable learners to become alert and aware consumers.
• Impart knowledge of nutrition and lifestyles to enable prevention and management of diseases.
• Inculcate healthy food habits.
• Help to develop understanding of textiles for selection and care of clothes.
• Develop skills of communication to assist in advocacy and dissemination of knowledge tocommunity

Cource Structure :

Unit I: Understanding oneself: Adolescence 
 

Chapter-2 Understanding the self

A. „Who am I‟?
B. Development and Characteristics of the self
C. Influences on identity

• Biological and physical changes
• Socio-cultural contexts
• Emotional changes
• Cognitive changes

Chapter-3 Food, nutrition, health and fitness- Introduction, Balanced Diet, Health and  Fitness, Using basic food groups for planning balanced diets, Vegetarian  food guide, Dietary patterns in adolescence, modifying diet related behavior,  Factors influencing eating behavior, Eating disorders at adolescence.

Chapter-4 Management of resources - time, money, energy and space- Introduction,  Human and Non- Human Resources, Individual and shared resources,  Natural and community resources, Characteristics of Resources, Managing  resources, The management process.

Chapter-5 Fabric around Us- Introduction, Fibre properties, Classification of textile  fibres, Yarns, Fabric production, Textile Finishing.

Chapter-6 Media and communication technology- Communication and communication  technology, What is media? What is communication technology? 

Unit II: Understanding family, community and society 

Chapter-7 Relationships and interactions with „significant others‟: 

• Family
• School - peers and educators
• Community and Society

Chapter-8 Concerns and needs in diverse contexts: Family, school, community and  society Key areas:
a. Health, Nutrition and Hygiene- Introduction, Health and its dimensions, Health care, Indicators of Health, Nutrition and Health, Nutrients, Factors affecting nutritional well- being, Nutritional problems and their consequences, Hygiene and Sanitation.
b. Work, Worker and workplace- Introduction, Work, Worker,Workplace.
c. Resource availability and Management- Time Management, Space Management. 

Unit III: Childhood 

Chapter-9 Survival, Growth and Development- Meaning, areas, stages in development.

Chapter-10 Nutrition, Health and Wellbeing- Introduction, Nutrition, Health and Wellbeing during infancy; Nutrition, Health and Wellbeing of preschool children; Nutrition, Health and Wellbeing of school- age children, Factors
that influence diet intake of pre-school age and school- age children, Healthy habits, Health & nutrition issues of school- age children. 

Chapter-11 Care and Education- Introduction, Infancy & early childhood years, Meaning of care & education, Who provides Early childhood care & education (ECCE)? Care and education during middle childhood years,
difficulties and nature of primary education.

Chapter-12 Our Apparel- Clothing functions and the selection of clothes, Factors affecting selection of clothing in India, Understanding children‟s basic clothing needs, Clothing requirements at different childhood stages,
Clothing for children with special needs

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CBSE Class-11 Syllabus 2018-19 (Engineering Graphics)

The subject of 'Engineering Graphics' has become an indispensable tool for Engineers, Technocrats, Architects, Draftsmen, Surveyors, Designers and many other professionals in the recent times. Understanding of its fundamental principles and wider applications of the same in the above fields and many other daily life situations form the basis for the syllabus at Senior Secondary Stage.

Objectives:

• The studyofthesubjectofEngineeringGraphicsatSeniorSchoolLevelaimsathelpingthe learnerto:
• develop clear concept and perception of form, proportion andapplication.
• develop the skill of expressing three-dimensional and two-dimensional objects into professional language and vice versa.
• acquire the ability to readily draw neat sketches, often needed in "On-job situations".
• developaclearunderstanding ofplaneandsolidGeometryandmachinedrawing soas toapply the same in relevant practical fields such as technology andindustry.
• acquire speed and accuracy in use of drawinginstruments.
• use technology (CAD) in developing isometric and orthographic projections of simple objects.
   

Cource Structure :

Theory

PLANE GEOMETRY 
Printing English alphabets (capital and small) numerals in standard proportions.Unidirectional/aligned system of dimensioning as per SP: 46-2003 (Revised)

Unit 1: Construction of lines, angles and their divisions. Simple questions based on triangles, square, rhombus, trapeziums, regular polygons-pentagon, hexagon and octagon. 

Unit 2: Construction of circles, external and internal tangents of circles, inscribing, circumscribing circles in equilateral triangle, square, rhombus, regular polygons-pentagon, hexagon and octagon. 

Unit3: ConstructionofEngineeringcurves:
(a) Ellipse by concentric circles, intersecting arcs and intersecting lines.
(b) Parabola by intersecting lines and intersecting arcs.
(c) Involuteofacircle,cycloid,helixandsinecurve. 

SOLID GEOMETRY 

Unit 4: Methods of orthographic projections and dimensioning strictly as per SP: 46- 2003 revised conventions. Projectionofpoints,lines. 

Unit 5: Orthographic projections of Regular Plane figures - triangle, square, pentagon, hexagon, circle and semi-circle. 

Unit 6: Orthographic projections of right regular solids such as cubes, prisms and pyramid,(square, triangular, pentagonal and hexagonal), cones, cylinders, spheres, hemispheres and frustum of pyramids and cone when they are kept with their axis (a) perpendicular, to HP/VP (b) parallel to one plane and inclined to the other (c) parallel to HPandVP both. 

Unit 7: Section of solids under the same conditions mentioned above made by the horizontal, vertical and inclinedplanes. 

MACHINE DRAWING 

Unit 6: Orthographic projections of simple machine blocks.

Unit 7: Construction of isometric scale showing main divisions of 10 mm and smaller divisions of 1 mm each. Isometric projection (drawn to isometric scale) of figures such as triangles, squares, pentagons, hexagons, circles and
semi-circles with their surface parallel to HP or VP and its one side or diagonal or diameter should be either parallel or perpendicular to HP/VP. 

Unit 8: Development of the surfaces of following solids: 

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CBSE Class-11 Syllabus 2018-19 (Biotechnology)

An unprecedented growth of human knowledge in the field of Biological Sciences coupled with equally significant developments in the field of technology have brought significant changes into existing social and economic systems. The emerging field of Biotechnology is likely to further enhance the applications of Science and Technology in the service of human welfare. Modern Biotechnology processes encompass a wide range of new products such as antibiotics, vaccines, monoclonal antibodies and many more. Furthermore, developments in recombinant DNA technology have yielded numerous new useful products in the fields of healthcare and agriculture. The present syllabus takes care of all these aspects. Due emphasis has been laid on familiarizing the learners with the fundamental concepts, basic techniques and their applications. It is expected that the knowledge gained through the study of different topics and the skills acquired through the prescribed practical work will make the learners competent to meet the challenges of academic as well as professional courses after studying the subject at senior secondary stage.

Objectives :

• The broad objectives of teaching Biotechnology at senior secondary level are:
• To help the learners know and understand basic facts and concepts of the subject at elementary stage.
• To expose the students to different basic processes and basic techniques used in Biotechnology.
• To familiarize the learners to understand the relationship of the subject to health, nutrition,environment, agriculture and industry, etc.
• To develop conceptual competence in the learners so as to cope up with professional courses in future career.
• To acquaint students with different applications of Biotechnology in everyday life.
• To develop an interest in students to study biotechnology as a discipline.

COURSE STRUCTURE :

Unit-I Biotechnology: An overview 
Chapter 1: Biotechnology: An Overview

Historical Perspectives, Technology and Applications of Biotechnology, Global market and Biotech Products, Public Perception of Biotechnology, Biotechnology in India and Global Trends

Unit-II Molecules of Life 
Chapter 1: Biomolecules: Building Blocks

Building Blocks of Carbohydrates - Sugars and Their Derivatives, Building Blocks of Proteins - Amino Acids, Building Blocks of Lipids - Simple Fatty Acids, Sphingosine, Glycerol and Cholesterol, Building Blocks of Nucleic Acids - Nucleotides, Biochemical Transformations

Chapter 2: Macromolecules: Structure & Function

Carbohydrates - The Energy Givers, Proteins - The Performers, Enzymes - The Catalysts, Lipids and Biomembranes - The Barriers, Nucleic Acids - The Managers

Unit-III Genetics and Molecular Biology 20 Marks 50 Periods
Chapter 1: Concepts of Genetics

Historical Perspective, Multiple Alleles, Linkage and Crossing Over, Genetic Mapping, Gene Interaction, Sex-Linked Inheritance, Extranuclear Inheritance, Quantitative Inheritance, Genes at the Population Level

Chapter 2: Genes and Genomes: Structure and Function

Discovery of DNA as Genetic Material, DNA Replication, Fine Structure of the Genes, From Gene to Protein, Transcription – The Basic Process, Genetic Code, Translation, Regulation of Gene Expression, Mutations, DNA Repair, Human Genetic Disorders, Genome Organization

Unit IV: Cells and Organisms 
Chapter 1 The Basic Unit of Life

Cell Structure and Components, Tissues and Organs, Stem Cells, Biodiversity, Organization of Life

Chapter 2: Cell Growth and Development

Cell Division, Cell Cycle, Cell Communication, Nutrition, Gaseous Exchange, Internal Transport,Maintaining the Internal Environment, Reproduction, In Vitro Fertilization, Animal and Plant Development, Immune Response in Animals, Programmed Cell Death, Defense Mechanisms in Plants 

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CBSE Class-11 Syllabus 2018-19 (Biology)

The present syllabus provides the students with new concepts along with an extended exposure to contemporary areas of the subject. The syllabus also aims at emphasizing on the underlying principles that are common to both animals and plants as well as highlighting the relationship of Biology with other areas of knowledge. The format of the syllabus allows a simple, clear, sequential flow of concepts. It relates the study of biology to real life through the use of technology. It links the discoveries and innovations in biology to everyday life such as environment, industry, health and agriculture. The updated syllabus also focuses on reducing the curriculum load while ensuring that ample opportunities and scope for learning and appreciating basic concepts of the subject continue to be available within its framework. The prescribed syllabus is expected to:

• promote understanding of basic principles of Biology;
• encourage learning of emerging knowledge and its relevance to individual and society;
• promote rational/scientific attitude towards issues related to population, environment and development;
• enhance awareness about environmental issues, problems and their appropriate solutions;
• create awareness amongst the learners about diversity in the living organisms and developing respect for other living beings;
• appreciate that the most complex biological phenomena are built on essentially simple processes;
• It is expected that the students would get an exposure to various branches of Biology in the syllabus in a more contextual and friendly manner as they study its various units

COURSE STRUCTURE :

Unit-I Diversity of Living Organisms 
Chapter-1: The Living World

What is living? Biodiversity; Need for classification; three domains of life; taxonomy and systematics;concept of species and taxonomical hierarchy; binomial nomenclature; tools for study of taxonomymuseums, zoological parks, herbaria, botanical gardens.

Chapter-2: Biological Classification

Five kingdom classification; Salient features and classification of Monera, Protista and Fungi into major groups: Lichens, Viruses and Viroids.

Chapter-3: Plant Kingdom

Salient features and classification of plants into major groups - Algae, Bryophyta, Pteridophyta,Gymnospermae and Angiospermae (three to five salient and distinguishing features and at least two examples of each category); Angiosperms - classification upto class, characteristic features and examples.

Chapter-4: Animal Kingdom

Salient features and classification of animals non-chordates up to phyla level and chordates up to class level (three to five salient features and at least two examples of each category).
(No live animals or specimen should be displayed.)

Unit-II Structural Organisation in Animals and Plants 
Chapter-5: Morphology of Flowering Plants

Morphology and modifications: Internal Morphology of different parts of flowering plants: root, stem, leaf, inflorescence, flower, fruit and seed (to be dealt along with the relevant experiment of the Practical Syllabus).

Chapter-6: Anatomy of Flowering Plants

Anatomy and functions of different tissues.

Chapter-7: Structural Organisation in Animals

Animal tissues; Morphology, anatomy and functions of different systems (digestive, circulatory,respiratory, nervous and reproductive) of an insect (cockroach). (a brief account only)

Unit-III Cell: Structure and Function 

Chapter-8: Cell-The Unit of Life

Cell theory and cell as the basic unit of life: Structure of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells; Plant cell and animal cell; cell envelope; cell membrane, cell wall; cell organelles - structure and function; endomembrane system, endoplasmic reticulum, golgi bodies, lysosomes, vacuoles; mitochondria, ribosomes, plastids, microbodies; cytoskeleton, cilia, flagella, centrioles (ultrastructure and function); nucleus.

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CBSE Class-11 Syllabus 2018-19 (Chemistry)

Rationale :

Higher Secondary is the most crucial stage of school education because at this juncture specialized discipline based, content -oriented courses are introduced. Students reach this stage after 10 years of general education and opt for Chemistry with a purpose of pursuing their career in basic sciences or professional courses like medicine, engineering, technology and other applied areas. Therefore, there is a need to provide learners with sufficient conceptual background of Chemistry, which will make them competent to meet the challenges of academic and professional courses after the senior secondary stage.
The new and updated curriculum is based on disciplinary approach with rigour and depth taking care that the syllabus is not heavy and at the same time it is comparable to the international level. The knowledge related to the subject of Chemistry has undergone tremendous changes during the past one decade. Many new areas like synthetic materials, bio -molecules, natural resources, industrial chemistry are coming in a big way and deserve to be an integral part of chemistry syllabus at senior secondary stage. At international level, new formulations and nomenclature of elements and compounds, symbols and units of physical quantities floated by scientific bodies like IUPAC and CGPM are of immense importance and need to be incorporated in the updated syllabus. The revised syllabus takes care of all these aspects. Greater emphasis has been laid on use of new nomenclature, symbols and formulations, teaching of fundamental concepts, application of concepts in chemistry to industry/ technology, logical sequencing of units, removal of obsolete content and repetition, etc.

Objectives :

The curriculum of Chemistry at Senior Secondary Stage aims to:

• promote understanding of basic facts and concepts in chemistry while retaining the excitement of chemistry.
• make students capable of studying chemistry in academic and professional courses (such as medicine, engineering, technology) at tertiary level.
• expose the students to various emerging new areas of chemistry and apprise them with their relevance in future studies and their application in various spheres of chemical sciences and technology.
• equip students to face various challenges related to health, nutrition, environment, population,weather, industries and agriculture.
• develop problem solving skills in students.
• expose the students to different processes used in industries and their technological applications. 
• apprise students with interface of chemistry with other disciplines of science such as physics, biology, geology, engineering etc.
• acquaint students with different aspects of chemistry used in daily life.
• develop an interest in students to study chemistry as a discipline.
• integrate life skills and values in the context of chemistry

Unit I: Some Basic Concepts of Chemistry 8 Periods

General Introduction: Importance and scope of chemistry. 
Nature of matter, laws of chemical combination, Dalton's atomic theory: concept of elements, atoms and molecules.
Atomic and molecular masses, mole concept and molar mass, percentage composition, empirical and molecular formula, chemical reactions, stoichiometry and calculations based on stoichiometry.

Unit II: Structure of Atom 10 Periods

Bohr's model and its limitations, concept of shells and subshells, dual nature of matter and light, de Broglie's relationship, Heisenberg uncertainty principle, concept of orbitals, quantum numbers, shapes of s, p and d orbitals, rules for filling electrons in orbitals - Aufbau principle, Pauli's exclusion principle and Hund's rule, electronic configuration of atoms,stability of half-filled and completely filled orbitals.

Unit III: Classification of Elements and Periodicity in Properties 06 Periods

Modern periodic law and the present form of periodic table, periodic trends in properties of elements -atomic radii, ionic radii, inert gas radii, Ionization enthalpy, electron gain enthalpy, electronegativity, valency. Nomenclature of elements with atomic number greater than 100

Unit IV: Chemical Bonding and Molecular structure 14 Periods

Valence electrons, ionic bond, covalent bond, bond parameters, Lewis structure, polar character of covalent bond, covalent character of ionic bond, valence bond theory,
resonance, geometry of covalent molecules, VSEPR theory, concept of hybridization,
involving s, p and d orbitals and shapes of some simple molecules, molecular orbital
theory of homonuclear diatomic molecules(qualitative idea only), hydrogen bond.

Unit V: States of Matter: Gases, Liquids and Solids 18 Periods

Three states of matter, intermolecular interactions, types of bonding, melting and boiling points, role of gas laws in elucidating the concept of the molecule, Boyle's law, Charles law, Gay Lussac's law, Avogadro's law, ideal behaviour, empirical derivation of gas equation, Avogadro's number, ideal gas equation. Deviation from ideal behaviour, liquefaction of gases, critical temperature, kinetic energy and molecular speeds (elementary idea)
Liquid State: vapour pressure, viscosity and surface tension (qualitative idea only, no mathematical derivations) 
Solid state: Classification of solids based on different binding forces: molecular, ionic,covalent and metallic solids, amorphous and crystalline solids (elementary idea). Unit cell in two dimensional and three dimensional lattices, calculation of density of unit cell, packing in solids, packing efficiency, voids, number of atoms per unit cell in a cubic unit cell, point defects, electrical and magnetic properties.

Unit VI: Chemical Thermodynamics 16 Periods

Concepts of System and types of systems, surroundings, work, heat, energy, extensive and intensive properties, state functions. First law of thermodynamics -internal energy and enthalpy, heat capacity and specific heat, measurement of AU and AH, Hess's law of constant heat summation, enthalpy of bond dissociation, combustion, formation, atomization, sublimation, phase transition, ionization, solution and dilution. Second law of
Thermodynamics (brief introduction). Introduction of entropy as a state function, Gibb's energy change for spontaneous and non- spontaneous processes, criteria for equilibrium. 
Third law of thermodynamics (brief introduction).

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CBSE Class-11 Syllabus 2018-19 (Physics)

Senior Secondary stage of school education is a stage of transition from general education to discipline-based focus on curriculum. The present updated syllabus keeps in view the rigour and depth of disciplinary approach as well as the comprehension level of learners. Due care has also been taken that the syllabus is comparable to the international standards. Salient features of the syllabus include: 

• Emphasis on basic conceptual understanding of the content. 
• Emphasis on use of SI units, symbols, nomenclature of physical quantities and formulations as per international standards.
• Providing logical sequencing of units of the subject matter and proper placement of concepts with their linkage for better learning.
• Reducing the curriculum load by eliminating overlapping of concepts/content within the discipline and other disciplines.
• Promotion of process-skills, problem-solving abilities and applications of Physics concepts.Besides, the syllabus also attempts to
• strengthen the concepts developed at the secondary stage to provide firm foundation for further learning in the subject.
• expose the learners to different processes used in Physics-related industrial and technological applications.
• develop process-skills and experimental, observational, manipulative, decision making and investigatory skills in the learners.
• promote problem solving abilities and creative thinking in learners.
• develop conceptual competence in the learners and make them realize and appreciate the interface of Physics with other disciplines. 

Unit I: Physical World and Measurement             10 Periods

 Chapter–1: Physical World

Physics-scope and excitement; nature of physical laws; Physics, technology and society.

Chapter–2: Units and Measurements

Need for measurement: Units of measurement; systems of units; SI units, fundamental and derived units. Length, mass and time measurements; accuracy and precision of measuring instruments; errors in measurement; significant figures.Dimensions of physical quantities, dimensional analysis and its applications.

Unit II:    Kinematics                                       20 Periods

Chapter–3: Motion in a Straight Line

Frame of reference, Motion in a straight line: Position-time graph, speed and velocity.

Elementary concepts of differentiation and integration for describing motion, uniform and non-uniform motion, average speed and instantaneous velocity, uniformly accelerated motion, velocity - time and position-time graphs.

Relations for uniformly accelerated motion (graphical treatment).
 
Chapter–4: Motion in a Plane

Scalar and vector quantities; position and displacement vectors, general vectors and their notations; equality of vectors, multiplication of vectors by a real number; addition and subtraction of vectors, relative velocity, Unit vector; resolution of a vector in a plane, rectangular components, Scalar and Vector product of vectors.

Motion in a plane, cases of uniform velocity and uniform acceleration-projectile motion, uniform circular motion.

Unit III:    Laws of Motion                          14 Periods

Chapter–5: Laws of Motion

Intuitive concept of force, Inertia, Newton's first law of motion; momentum and Newton's second law of motion; impulse; Newton's third law of motion.

Law of conservation of linear momentum and its applications.

Equilibrium of concurrent forces, Static and kinetic friction, laws of friction, rolling friction, lubrication.

Dynamics of uniform circular motion: Centripetal force, examples of circular motion (vehicle on a level circular road, vehicle on a banked road).

Unit IV:    Work, Energy and Power       12 Periods

Chapter–6: Work, Engery and Power

Work done by a constant force and a variable force; kinetic energy, work-energy theorem, power.

Notion of potential energy, potential energy of a spring, conservative forces: conservation of mechanical energy (kinetic and potential energies); non-conservative forces: motion in a vertical circle; elastic and inelastic collisions in one and two dimensions.

Unit V:    Motion of System of Particles and Rigid Body        18 Periods

Chapter–7: System of Particles and Rotational Motion

Centre of mass of a two-particle system, momentum conservation and centre of mass motion.

Centre of mass of a rigid body; centre of mass of a uniform rod.

Moment of a force, torque, angular momentum, law of conservation of angular momentum and its applications.

Equilibrium of rigid bodies, rigid body rotation and equations of rotational motion, comparison of linear and rotational motions.

Moment of inertia, radius of gyration, values of moments of inertia for simple geometrical objects (no derivation). Statement of parallel and perpendicular axes theorems and their applications.

Unit VI:    Gravitation           12 Periods

Chapter–8: Gravitation

Kepler's laws of planetary motion, universal law of gravitation.

Acceleration due to gravity and its variation with altitude and depth.

Gravitational potential energy and gravitational potential, escape velocity, orbital velocity of a satellite, Geo-stationary satellites.
 
Unit VII:    Properties of Bulk Matter    20 Periods

Chapter–9: Mechanical Properties of Solids

Elastic behaviour, Stress-strain relationship, Hooke's law, Young's modulus, bulk modulus, shear modulus of rigidity, Poisson's ratio; elastic energy.

Chapter–10: Mechanical Properties of Fluids

Pressure due to a fluid column; Pascal's law and its applications (hydraulic lift and hydraulic brakes), effect of gravity on fluid pressure.

Viscosity, Stokes' law, terminal velocity, streamline and turbulent flow, critical velocity, Bernoulli's theorem and its applications.

Surface energy and surface tension, angle of contact, excess of pressure across a curved surface, application of surface tension ideas to drops, bubbles and capillary rise.

Chapter–11: Thermal Properties of Matter

Heat, temperature, thermal expansion; thermal expansion of solids, liquids and gases, anomalous expansion of water; specific heat capacity; Cp, Cv - calorimetry; change of state - latent heat capacity.

Heat transfer-conduction, convection and radiation, thermal conductivity, qualitative ideas of Blackbody radiation, Wein's displacement Law, Stefan's law, Green house effect.

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CBSE Class-11 Syllabus 2018-19 (Mathematics)

The Syllabus in the subject of Mathematics has undergone changes from time to time in accordance with growth of the subject and emerging needs of the society. Senior Secondary stage is a launching stage from where the students go either for higher academic education in Mathematics or for professional courses like Engineering, Physical and Bioscience, Commerce or Computer Applications. The present revised syllabus has been designed in accordance with National Curriculum Framework 2005 and as per guidelines given in Focus Group on Teaching of Mathematics 2005 which is to meet the emerging needs of all categories of students. Motivating the topics from real life situations and other subject areas, greater emphasis has been laid on application of various concepts.

Objectives :

The broad objectives of teaching Mathematics at senior school stage intend to help the students:

• to acquire knowledge and critical understanding, particularly by way of motivation and visualization, of basic concepts, terms, principles, symbols and mastery of underlying processes and skills.
• to feel the flow of reasons while proving a result or solving a problem.
• to apply the knowledge and skills acquired to solve problems and wherever possible,by more than one method.
• to develop positive attitude to think, analyze and articulate logically.
• to develop interest in the subject by participating in related competitions.
• to acquaint students with different aspects of Mathematics used in daily life.
• to develop an interest in students to study Mathematics as a discipline.
• to develop awareness of the need for national integration, protection of environment,
• observance of small family norms, removal of social barriers, elimination of gender biases.
• to develop reverence and respect towards great Mathematicians for their contributions to the field of Mathematics.

Course Structure :

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(Syllabus) CBSE Syllabus Class-11 (XI) 

CBSE Syllabus Class-11 (XI) 2019-20

• CBSE Class-11 Syllabus 2019-20 (Hindi Core)
• CBSE Class-11 Syllabus 2019-20 (Hindi Elective)
• CBSE Class-11 Syllabus 2019-20 (English Core)
• CBSE Class-11 Syllabus 2019-20 (English Elective)
• CBSE Class-11 Syllabus 2019-20 (Mathematics)
• CBSE Class-11 Syllabus 2019-20 (Physics)
• CBSE Class-11 Syllabus 2019-20 (Chemistry)
• CBSE Class-11 Syllabus 2019-20 (Biology) 
• CBSE Class-11 Syllabus 2019-20 (Biotechnology)
• CBSE Class-11 Syllabus 2019-20 (Engineering Graphics)
• CBSE Class-11 Syllabus 2019-20 (Home Science)
• CBSE Class-11 Syllabus 2019-20 (Computer Science)
• CBSE Class-11 Syllabus 2019-20 (Informatics Practices)
• CBSE Class-12 Syllabus 2019-20 (Economics)
• CBSE Class-11 Syllabus 2019-20 (Accountancy)
• CBSE Class-11 Syllabus 2019-20 (Entrepreneurship)
• CBSE Class-11 Syllabus 2019-20 (History)
• CBSE Class-11 Syllabus 2019-20 (Political Science)
• CBSE Class-11 Syllabus 2019-20 (Geography)
• CBSE Class-11 Syllabus 2019-20 (Psychology)
• CBSE Class-11 Syllabus 2019-20 (Sociology)
• CBSE Class-11 Syllabus 2019-20 (Physical Education)
• CBSE Class-11 Syllabus 2019-20 (Legal Studies)
• CBSE Class-11 Syllabus 2019-20 (National Cadet Corps)
• CBSE Class-11 Syllabus 2019-20 (Knowledge traditions and practices of India)

CBSE Syllabus Class-11 (XI) 2018-19

• CBSE Class-11 Syllabus 2018-19 (Hindi Core)
• CBSE Class-11 Syllabus 2018-19 (Hindi Elective)
• CBSE Class-11 Syllabus 2018-19 (English Core)
• CBSE Class-11 Syllabus 2018-19 (English Elective) 
• CBSE Class-11 Syllabus 2018-19 (Mathematics)
• CBSE Class-11 Syllabus 2018-19 (Physics)
• CBSE Class-11 Syllabus 2018-19 (Chemistry)
• CBSE Class-11 Syllabus 2018-19 (Biology)
• CBSE Class-11 Syllabus 2018-19 (Biotechnology)
• CBSE Class-11 Syllabus 2018-19 (Engineering Graphics)
• CBSE Class-11 Syllabus 2018-19 (Home Science)
• CBSE Class-11 Syllabus 2018-19 (Computer Science)
• CBSE Class-11 Syllabus 2018-19 (Informatics Practices)
• CBSE Class-11 Syllabus 2018-19 (Economics)
• CBSE Class-11 Syllabus 2018-19 (Business Studies)
• CBSE Class-11 Syllabus 2018-19 (Accountancy)
• CBSE Class-11 Syllabus 2018-19 (Entrepreneurship)
• CBSE Class-11 Syllabus 2018-19 (History)
• CBSE Class-11 Syllabus 2018-19 (Political Science)
• CBSE Class-11 Syllabus 2018-19 (Geography)
• CBSE Class-11 Syllabus 2018-19 (Psychology)
• CBSE Class-11 Syllabus 2018-19 (Sociology)
• CBSE Class-11 Syllabus 2018-19 (Physical Education)
• CBSE Class-11 Syllabus 2018-19 (Fine Arts)
• CBSE Class-11 Syllabus 2018-19 (Knowledge traditions and practices of India)
• CBSE Class-11 Syllabus 2018-19 (Legal Studies)
• CBSE Class-11 Syllabus 2018-19 (National Cadet Corps)

CBSE Syllabus Class-11 (XI) 2017-18

• CBSE Class-11 Syllabus 2017-18 (Computer Science)