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(Sample Test) CBSE Class X Exams: Free Sample Test Papers With Solutions

The Class X board exams are just around the corner and students across the country are in the final stages of preparation.

Sample test papers along with solutions for help students rev up their prep. So, if you think you're prepared for the board exams or would just like to check your test-taking skills, try this Maths paper:

GENERAL: 
Subjects: 
Exam / Class: 

(Study Material) Download Notes For Class XII Math - Application of Derivatives Increasing & Decreasing Functions

Application of Derivatives Increasing & Decreasing Functions

Table of Contents:

  • Concept of Local Maximum and Local Minimum
  • Concept of Global Maximum/Minimum
  • Rolle's Theorem
  • Lagrange's Mean Value Theorem
  • Application of Derivative in Determining the Nature of Roots of Cubic Polynomial
Subjects: 
Exam / Class: 

(Tips) Prevent Air And Water Pollution : Do's and Don'ts

Prevent Air And Water Pollution : Do's and Don'ts

  • Nature is a source of ultimate resources, preserve and utilize.
  • Keep environment clean for future generation.
  • When you harm nature you harm your own future.
  • A healthy nature will lead to a radiant future.
  • Lets preserve nature today. Lets Create a better tomorrow. :)

 

Let's Start from Home

Do's
Don'ts
Use mug instead of running tap while brushing teeth. While taking bath, don't use shower run for long.
While watering plants, instead of running hose, use water cane. Don't allow water overflow from the over head tank.
Use a toilet flush which consumes less water. Don’t buy loud crackers during Deepawali
Carry cloth,jute or paper bag to the market. For washing floor,Don't use running hose use mop and bucket.
Use dustbin for garbage disposal. Don't junk things break rather think to fix them.
Plant a garden. Even in urban settings, you can grow herbs and flowers in pots. Avoid unnecessary use of lights and fans.
Wear extra-layer of clothes at home instead of turning up the heater. Don't louder the volume of your TV, radio and music system.
While shaving, use mug instead running hose. Never leave food residue in your plate uneaten.
If you have a choice, pick paper bags over plastic bags at the grocer and elsewhere if you do take plastic bags, wash and reuse them. Don't over packaged’ goods and foods. Containers and packaging make up about a quarter of the waste stream

Prevention and Control of Vehicular Pollution

Do's
Don'ts
Do you really need to drive a car everywhere? Walk to work, or ride a bicycle Don't use extensively your private vehicles,try to use public transportation whenever possible.
Carpool. Two - or four - can ride as cheaply as one. Avoid congested road and rush hours.
Get a valid pollution under control certificate from authorized testing centre. Don’t idle away energy. Beyond one minute, it is more fuel - efficient to restart your car
Clean up your act. Keep automobiles fuel filters clean and save the fuel. Don't forget to Keep your vehicle tuned up. When a vehicle is running well, it uses nine per cent less fuel and thus emits fewer toxic and noxious fumes.
Clean the air filter and oil filter regularly. Don't try to replicate mechanical works and experiment with your car.
Clean the carbon deposit from silencer. Don't forget to replace your old battery with new battery when it required.
Maintain recommended tyre pressure . Don't use clutch pedal as footrest.

Prevention and Control of Water Pollution

Do's
Don'ts
Reuse of water whenever possible, Kitchen water can be used for watering the plants cbseportal.com Don't keep on the tap running while having, bath, brushing teeth, or washing dishes it wastes about 2 liters of water every minute.
Plan your kitchen activity to avoid wastage of fuel and water. Don’t hose down your lawn or corridor to clean it. Sweep it off.
Fix leaks promptly. A dripping joint can waste more than 76 liters of water a day. Don’t wash the clothes and kitchen utensils in the water bodies
Take showers instead of baths. Showers use less water - if you limit them to five minutes. Install low-flow shower-heads. cbseportal.com Don’t litter. When camping, keep the areas clean. cbseportal.com
Plastic materials can be a murder weapons for wildlife, minimise their use. Blown from land and roadsides, they often end up in the water, where they can entangle and kill birds and fishes. Avoid throwing flowers, sweets, puja materials into a river. It will degrade the quality of water. The river wont be happy with this.
Use sprinkler for irrigation. cbseportal.com Avoid throughing dead bodies in a river. This will ultimately landing in the mouth of dogs, vultures & other animals.Do you like it to happen with your bodies.cbseportal.com
Use scientific method of application fertilizers.cbseportal.com Never dump anything into the water bodies. cbseportal.com
Run your dishwasher, washing machine, and dryer only when you have full loads. When possible, use an outdoor clothesline instead of a clothes dryer. Avoid use of weedicides cbseportal.com

Prevention and Control of Noise Pollution

(Notification) Conduct of Class-IX March 2010 Examination under Summative Assessment-II

https://cbseportal.com/images/cbse_logo.gif

Conduct of Class-IX March 2010 Examination under
Summative Assessment-II

The Central Board of Secondary Education has introduced Examination Reforms and Continuous & Comprehensive Evaluation in its affiliated schools from this academic year. The detailed scheme has already been intimated to all Heads of schools vide our Circular Nos. 39,40,42,50,51,52,54,61,62 and 63 (2009).

The scheme is in operation in all CBSE affiliated schools in Class IX w.e.f. Oct. 2009 i.e. the second term. Under this two Formative Assessments and one Summative Assessment is to be done. The schools have done / are already doing Formative Assessments during the second term, and Summative Assessment for this term is to be conducted now.

Under this end term Summative Assessment-II, the students will be tested internally based on the following criteria:-
a) Syllabus and Examination Question Paper Design in different subjects for Class IX Summative Assessment II will be the same as circulated by the Board earlier. The same is also available on CBSE website www.cbse.nic.in under CCE corner.

b) The Summative assessment will be in the form of a pen-paper test conducted by the schools themselves.

c) In order to ensure standardization and to ensure uniformity, the Question Paper Banks in different subjects are being sent by the Board to schools in February 2010.

d) In order to cater to the difference in the pace at which students respond to questions, schools will give flexible timing to students for attempting the question papers. This may vary from 3 to 3½ hours.

e) Evaluation of answer scripts will be done by the school teachers themselves on the basis of the Marking Scheme provided by the Board.

f) There will be random verification of the assessment procedures carried out by schools by the Board officials/nominees appointed by the Board.

It has been decided to provide question paper banks for English Communicative, English Language & Literature, Hindi-A, Hindi-B, Mathematics, Science, Social Science, Communicative Sanskrit. In respect of other subjects/languages, the schools will administer their own question paper based on the sample question paper available on the CBSE’s website, and intimated earlier. [..]

GENERAL: 

(Date Sheet) Maharashtra Board Class 12th (HSC) Date sheet

Maharashtra Board Class 12th (HSC) Date sheet

Maharashtra Board of secondary education has announced examination schedule for senior seconday school (Class 12th). The examination will start on 23rd february 2010 (Tuesday) and will continue till 19th March 2010 (Friday). The examination will be held on both first and second half. The examination schedule for SSC examination is given in the following table.

Day
Date
Time
Subject
Tuesday 23-02-2010 First Half 11.00 AM-2.00 PM Gujarathi (03)
Kannada (06)
Sindhi (07)
Malayalam (08)
Tamil (09)
Telugu (10)
Punjabi (11)
Bengali (12)
Tuesday 23-02-2010 Second Half 3.00 PM-6.00 PM Urdu (05)
French (13)
Pali (35)
Wednesday 24-02-2010 First Half 11.00 AM-2.00 PM English (01)
Thursday 25-02-2010 First Half 11.00 AM-2.00 PM Hindi (04)
Thursday 25-02-2010 Second Half 3.00 PM-6.00 PM German (14)
Ardhamagadhi (16)
Persian (37)
Avesta-Pahlavi (87)
Friday 26-02-2010 First Half 11.00 AM-1.00 PM Mathematics & Statistics Paper-1 (A/S)(40)
Mathematics & Statistics Paper-1 (C)(88)
Friday 26-02-2010 Second Half 3.00 PM-6.00 PM Sociology(A/S) (45)
Tuesday 02-03-2010 First Half 11.00 AM-1.00 PM Mathematics & Statistics Paper-Ii (A/S)(40)
Mathematics & Statistics Paper-Ii (C)(88)
Tuesday 02-03-2010 Second Half 3.00 PM-5.30 PM Textile Laundry & Clothing(A/S)(44)
Thursday 04-03-2010 First Half

11.00 AM-2.00 PM

11.00 AM-1.00 PM

Secretarial Practice(C)(52)

Physics Paper I(S)(54)

Thursday 04-03-2010 Second Half 3.00 PM-6.00 PM

Political Science (A)(42)

Friday 05-03-2010 First Half

11.00 AM-2.00 PM

11.00 AM-1.00 PM

Organisation Of Commerce & Management (C)(51)

Physics Paper- Ii (S) (54)

Friday 05-03-2010 Second Half 3.00 AM-6.00 PM History (A) (38)
Saturday 06-03-2010 First Half

11.00 AM-2.00 PM

11.00 AM-1.00 PM

Book keeping & accounting(a/c)(50)

Chemistry paper-i (s)(55)

Saturday 06-03-2010 Second Half 3.00 AM-6.00 PM Philosophy (a) (46)
Monday 08-03-2010 First Half

11.00 PM-2.00 PM

11.00 AM-1.00 PM

Co-operation (a/c) (53)

Chemistry paper-ii (s)(55)

Tuesday 09-03-2010 First Half 11.00 AM-1.00 PM

Biology-paper-i(s)(56)

Tuesday 09-03-2010 Second Half 3.00 PM-6.00 PM Economics (a/s/c) (49)
Wednesday 10-03-2010 First Half 11.00 AM-1.00 PM

Biology-paper-ii(s)(56)

Wednesday 10-03-2010 Second Half 3.00 PM-6.00 PM Logic(a)(47)
Thursday 11-03-2010 First Half 11.00 AM-2.00 PM Russian (20)
Japanese (21)
Sanskrit (33)
Arabic (36)
Thursday 11-03-2010 First Half 11.00 AM-2.00 PM General knowledge (32)
(for military school)
Thursday 11-03-2010 Second Half

3.00 PM-5.30 PM

3.00 PM-5.00 PM

Child development (a/s) (43)

Crop production paper i (75)
(science & agril)
Animal science- paper i (76)
(science & agril)

Friday 12-03-2010 First Half 11.00 AM-12.00 PM

European music (a) (73)

Friday 12-03-2010 Second Half 3.00 PM-6.00 PM

Geography (a/s/c) (39)

Saturday 13-03-2010 First Half

11.00 AM-1.00 PM

11.00 AM-2.00 PM

Geology paper – i (s) (41)

History & appreciation (60)
Of art (painting sculpture & architecture)(a)

Saturday 13-03-2010 Second Half

3.00 PM-5.00 PM

3.00 PM-5.00 PM

3.00 PM-5.30 PM

Crop production paper ii (75) (science, agri.)

Animal science paper ii (76)

Defence studies (a/s/c) (77)

Monday 15-03-2010 First Half 11.00 AM-2.00 PM Psychology (a/s) (48)
Monday 15-03-2010 Second Half

3.00 PM-5.00 PM

3.00 PM-5.30 PM

Geology paper-ii (s) (41)

Percussion (a) (69)

 

GENERAL: 

Save Water: Some Facts And Importance of Water

Save Water: Some Facts And Importance of Water

Table of Contents:

  1. What is water?
  2. Why is ocean salty?
  3. What is Hydrological cycle or water cycle?
  4. What is water pollution?
  5. What are effects of water pollution?
  6. What is water conservation?
  7. How can we conserve water?
  8. What is a dam?
  9. Why do we need dams?
  10. What are type of dams?
  11. What is hydropower?
  12. How is hydroelectric power produced?
  13. What are floods?
  14. What is a drought?

What is Water?

Water is life. You can live without food for more than a month, but cannot only live without water for more than a week. In some organisms, (like jellyfish!) up to 90 % of their body weight comes from water.  In human body, nearly 60 % is water - brain is composed of 85 % water, blood is 79 % water and  the lungs are nearly 80 % water.

  • Water covers nearly 75 % of the earth's surface. But 97 % of it is in the oceans and only 3 % of the earth’s water can be used as drinking water. However, major part of it is either frozen in the polar ice caps or locked up in soil. Thus the water that can be utilized by us is only 0.5% of total water on the earth's surface.

  • The total water supply of planet earth is 1335 million cubic km. It simply means that if we can construct a cubic box of length, breadth and height of 1 km  each, we will require 1335000000 such boxes to store all the water. Amazing ! Is’nt it?

  • About 13000 cubic km of water, mostly in the form of water vapor, is in the atmosphere at any one time. If it all fell at once, the Earth would be covered with only about 25 mm of water.

  • Each day, 1150 cubic km of water evaporate or transpire into the atmosphere.

  • Of the freshwater on earth, much more is stored in the ground than is available in lakes and rivers. More than 8,000,000 cubic km of fresh water is stored in the earth in comparison to about 150,000 cubic km of water stored in lakes, inland seas and rivers. Most of groundwater is within a km of the earth’s surface

  • About  18,000,000 cubic km of water found in glaciers and icecaps, mainly in the polar regions and in Greenland.

(Scholarship) ROEHAMPTON University UK Announced New Scholarship Scheme for International Students

ROEHAMPTON University UK Announced New Scholarship Scheme for International Students

ROEHAMPTON University, UK, has recently announced the launch of its new scholarship scheme. Open to international students, over 200 scholarships will be awarded in line with recognised achievements — including language qualifications and other educational achievements — and will vary in value rising to £2300 for MBA students.

The scheme, announced recently by the university’s vice-chancellor Paul O’Prey in the Capital, is aimed at students completing the professional practice certificate in Special Educational Needs (SEN) established through the UK-India Education Research Initiative (UKIERI) and accredited by the Rehabilitation Council of India (RCI). The ceremony was formally inaugurated by HE Sir Richard Stagg, the British High Commissioner to India.

(Admission) AIIMS MBBS Entrance Notification 2010

AIIMS MBBS Entrance Notification 2010

All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS), Ansari Nagar, New Delhi - 110 608 announces for Entrance Examination for AIIMS -M.B.B.S. Course commencing on 1st August, 2010.

GENERAL: 

(Paper) DHSE Kerala 1st Year Communicative English Sample Questions 2010

HSE FIRST YEAR COMMUNICATIVE ENGLISH 2010

Max Score : 60
Time : 2 Hrs
Cool off Time:15 mt

1. Sarath and Satheesh are friends. They meet each other after a long time. Naturally they have a lot to share. Both try their maximum to make their exchange of feelings fruitful. Write six exchanges. [6 score]
Sarath: Hello,Good Morning.How are you?
Satheesh:I am fine. Thank you.
Sarath:…………..
Satheesh:…………
Sarath ……………
Satheesh……….
Sarath………
Satheesh…….
.
2. Tom is going out to meet his friend Sunil. His mother who has gone out does not have a key to the house .Tom decides to leave the key with a neighbour and a message on the door of the house for his mother.Write Toms message. Put the message in a box [ 2 score ]

3 You are the correspondent of THE INDIAN EXPRESS and you are assigned to report the boat tragedy at Thekkady. Prepare the report for your daily. Hints: Boat capsized -45 drowned including 9 children – overcrowded – inadequate life jackets . [ 6 score]

4 Edit the following passage. The chief election commissioner mr.narayan has been asked the people to getting prepared for the forthcoming elections . The election machineries was working fulltime to insure free and fair elections he said [4 score]

5. Study the following passage carefully and make notes.

LUCK AND LABOUR
:
It is not luck but labour that makes men. Luck says an American writer is ever waiting for something to turn up labour with keen eyes and strong will turns up something. Luck lies in bed and wishes the postman would bring him news of a legacy. Labour turns out at six and with busy pen and ringing hammer lays the foundation of competence. Luck whines, watches. Luck relies on chance labour on character. Luck slips downwards to self-indulgence, labour strides upwards and aspires to independence. The conviction therefore is extending that diligence is the mother of good luck. In otherwords a man’s success in life will be proportionate to his industry, to his attention to small things. [6 score]

6. Write the phonemic transcription of the following words. English; Apple, Bird, Teacher [4 score]

7. You see the following advertisement.

Wanted REPORTER
Qualification: Diploma/ Degree in Journalism

GENERAL: 
Subjects: 

(CBSE 2010) The first phase of CBSE counseling has begun | Timing 8.00 a.m to 12.00 noon

https://cbseportal.com/images/cbse_logo.gif
CENTRAL BOARD OF SECONDARY EDUCATION

FIRST PHASE OF CBSE ANNUAL COUNSELING BEGINS TODAY

CBSE board exams 2010 for Class-X and Class-XII are just one month ahead, CBSE started 2010 counseling session for students and also for their parents to help reduce the stress over board exams.

This counseling program having multiple modes like telephonic counseling, general frequently asked questions, Q/A columns in newspapers and as well as IVRS (Interactive Voice Response System), CBSE also has online counseling through CBSE's online portal (www.cbse.nic.in). The board exams begin in first week of march 2010 and it will continue up to 8th April 2010.

"The CBSE offers tele-counselling by trained professionals and principals from its affiliated schools. As many as 52 principals, counsellors, psychologists and social scientists are operating this helpline from 8 a.m up to mid-night from several locations, including Delhi, Noida, Chandigarh, Jaipur, Bhubaneswar, Vishakhapatnam, Jabalpur, Coimbatore, Bhopal, Nagpur, Bangalore, Guwahati and Pune."
--

(Result) Science Olympiad Foundation | 3rd IMO & 12th NSO results are announced

NSO Class 12th

Science Olympiad Foundation | 3rd IMO & 12th NSO results are announced

Science Olympiad Foundation (SOF) has declared 12th National Science Olympiad (NSO) result and 3rd International Mathematics Olympiad (IMO) result. The contest was held on 19th November 2009.

Click on the following button to check the result and just write 11 digit roll number (Without any Space) in text box and click on submit.

  • Second level tests of NSO & IMO on 21st February, Detail schedule will be online soon
  • 9th NCO second level results will be online in the end of February 2010.
GENERAL: 

(MCQ) CBSE CLASS XI: BUSINESS STUDIES CHAPTER 1: NATURE & PURPOSE OF BUSINESS

CBSE CLASS XI: BUSINESS STUDIES
CHAPTER 1: NATURE & PURPOSE OF BUSINESS

Answer the following objective type questions:

Instructions: Choose the correct alternative out of the given 3 or 4 options.


1. The possibilities of inadequate profits or even losses due to uncertainties are known as ____________
(a) Business contingencies
(b) Business risks
(c) Business ventures
(d) None of these
Ans: 2

Exam / Class: 

(Tips) Prepare yourself for board exams, Do's and Don'ts

Prepare yourself for board exams, Do's and Don'ts

Do's

DOKnow your syllabus: Refer to the CBSE website for the updated syllabus of this year, and know it completely. As you go through the contents table of your subject textbooks, you will see familiar topics, which may have already been introduced in your previous classes, especially in math and science. You should have a clear picture of familiar and unfamiliar topics.

NCERT textbooks rule : Irrespective of the books prescribed by your school, ensure that you always refer to the NCERT textbooks, carefully. It has been a tradition with CBSE to mostly map the question papers to NCERT textbooks.

Previous years' papers always help : Get into the habit of solving questions from previous years' papers. These are easily available and accessible on educational websites like CBSE. You can also pick them up from book shops, but make sure the publisher is authentic. Make sure you have the latest papers, too.

Follow CBSE (or relevant board) sample papers only: These are generally released in September or October on the CBSE website. Whenever it happens, consider it your 'first standard mock test' before moving on to any private publisher's papers.

Keep your eyes and ears open: CBSE, being a dynamic body, is continuously in the process of reforming testing mechanisms by changing the s yllabus, marking schemes, exam patterns, etc. So, stay updated.

On your marks, get set, go!

(News) CBSE floats grading system up to class XII

CBSE floats grading system up to class XII

Kapil Sibal

Having announced grades for evaluation of CBSE students till class X, Kapil Sibal is now toying with the idea of extending the system to class XII.

However, aware of the criticism he faced for making the class X board examination optional and introducing the grading system, the HRD minister played down the idea, saying it was in a preliminary stage.

GENERAL: 

(Tips) How to Solve Question Papers In CBSE Board Exam 2010

How to Solve Question Papers In CBSE Board Exam 2010


How To Prepare CBSE Sample Papers

First prepare yourself well: solving sample are very good but first make you fully prepared for the course and sample paper you going to solve and try to solve it similarity as you appear for your final board exam. Set the timings in your watch and start the question paper. You will not only solve the question papers but also come to know your weak and strong areas. You will come to know in what areas you need to work hard. Prepare the questions of same kind where you are weak.


Fear and stress: Solve CBSE sample papers also remove little bit pressure as you come to know the difficulty and question pattern. So you will feel less fear and stress. It is also true if you are tense and stressed you may forget the answers too. So be cool and prepare CBSE sample papers well for last 10 years to build your confident level.
What it the best time to prepare the last year sample papers: start preparing previous year sample papers as you finish you course and don’t lose any topic lose and prepare it very well.

How to solve CBSE sample papers: First prepare the questions in which you are very confident. If you are solving a question where you are not confident, you would have bad impression. As first impression is the last impression so try to start with questions where you are more confident. The examiner become happy and you will get high marks.
GENERAL: 
Exam / Class: 

(Study Material) Notes On Differences Between Various Cells For CBSE Class 9th

Differences Between Procaryotic And Eucaryotic Cells

Procaryotic Cell Eucaryotic Cell
  1. The cell size is usually small (0.1 - 5.0 mm).

     
  2. A procaryotic cell has one envelope organisation.
  3. The flagella, if present, are single stranded, 4 - 5 mm (length) × 12 nm (diameter and
    without differentiation of axoneme and
    sheath.
  4. An organised nucleus is absent. Instead a nucleoid is found
     
  5. Cell wall, if present, possesses muramic acid.
  6. DNA is naked, that is, a covering sheath of histone is absent.
  7. DNA is usually circular.
     
  8. The amount of DNA is comparatively low.
     
  9. DNA lies freely in the cytoplasm. It is not associated with any organelle.
     
  10. The amount of DNA remains the same throughout the life cycle
     
  11. Transcription and translation occur in the cytoplasm.
  12. A spindle apparatus is not formed during division of nuclear body.
  13. Respiratory enzymes are associated with plasma membrane.
  14. Endocytosis and exocytosis are rare.
  15. Endoplasmic reticulum is absent.
     
  16. Cytoplasm does not show streaming movmements.
  17. Ribosomes are of 70 S type.
     
  18. Mitochondria are absent.
     
  19. Golgi apparatus is absent.
     
  20. Centrioles, (centrosome, central apparatus) are absent.
     
  21. Lysosomes and other microbodies are absent.
     
  22. True or sap vacuoles are usually absent. Instead, gas vacuoles, may be found.
  23. Micro tubules and microfilaments are commonly absent.
  24. Thylakoids, if present, lie freely in the cytoplasm.
  25. Gametes are not formed, since sexual reproduction is absent.
     
  26. A spindle apparatus is not formed during division
     
  27. Cell membrane takes part in separating replication products.
     
  28. DNA does not have superfluous parts. Therefore, RNA does not require any processing.
  29. Nucleoid is equivalent to a single chromosome or prochromosome.
  1. The cell size is comparatively larger (3 - 30 mm).
  2. A eucaryotic cell has two envelope organisation.
  3. The flagella, if present, are 11-stranded,150-200 mm (length) × 200 nm (diameter) and show differentiation into an axoneme surrounded by a sheath.
  4. An organised nucleus is found. It is differentiated into nuclear envelope, chromatin, one or more nucleoli, and nucleoplasm.
  5. Cell wall, if present, does not contain muramic acid.
  6. Nuclear DNA is associated with histone proteins
  7. Nuclear DNA is linear. Extra nuclear DNA is commonly circular
  8. The amount of DNA is comparatively very high.
  9. Most of the cell DNA lies in the nucleus. A small quantity is also found in the plastids and mitochondria.
  10. The amount of DNA shows a regular alternation between diploid and haploid stages.
  11. Transcription occurs in the nucleus while translation takes place in the cytoplasm.
  12. A spindle apparatus is formed during nuclear division.
  13. Respiratory enzymes are present in both cytoplasm as well as mitochondria.
  14. They are quite common.
  15. Cytoplasm is differentiated into cytoplasmic matrix and endoplasmic reticulum.
  16. Cytoplasm usually shows streaming movements.
  17. Ribosomes are of 80S type. 70S ribosomes, however, occurs in plastids and mitochondria.
  18. Mitochondria are usually present.
  19. Golgi apparatus is present.
     
  20. Centrioles are usually present in cells of organisms in which motile stage is present at one or the other time the life cycle.
  21. Microbodies including lysosomes or their equivalent are present.
  22. True or sap vacuoles are commonly found.

     
  23. Microtubules and microfilaments are important constituents of eucaryotic cells.
  24. Thylakoids, if present, are grouped inside the chloroplasts.
  25. Gametes are formed either directly or through meiosis, as sexual reproduction is found in the life cycle.
  26. A spindle apparatus is produced during nuclear division
  27. Cell membrane does not have any role in separating replication products. This is done by spindle apparatus.
  28. RNA requires processing as DNA possesses superfluous parts.
     
  29. Nucleus contains more than one chromosome.
GENERAL: 
Subjects: 
Exam / Class: 

(Study Material) Notes on Air and Water Pollution For CBSE Class 8th

Air and Water Pollution

  • Pollution is an undesirable change in physical, chemical or biological characteristics of our air, land or water caused by excessive accumulation of pollutants.
  • These changes may affect man directly or indirectly through his supplier of water and of agricultural and other biological products.

AIR POLLUTION

  • The air pollution is caused due to dust particles, industrial emission, automobile exhaust, smoke, dispersion of pesticides and radioactive materials.
  • Two major factors responsible for air pollution are population explosion and productivity increase.
  • Air pollutants can be categorised into primary pollutants and secondary pollutants.
  • Primary Air Pollutants and their Effects

Particulate matter comprises of solid and liquid aerosol suspended in the atmosphere. The particulate matter causes corrosion and erosion of surfaces and in human beings, it may cause respiratory problems.

Carbon monoxide (CO) is produced mainly by incomplete combustion of fossil fuels. It is a very poisonous gas. It reduces oxygen carrying capacity of blood and may also lead to death due to anoxia (oxygen starvation).

Hydrocarbons (HCs) or Volatile Organic Carbons (VOCs) are compounds composed of Biodiversity hydrogen and carbon. They may be saturated (methane) or unsaturated (ethylene). They cause irritation on mucous membrane and some may be carcinogenic e.g., formaldehyde.

Sulphur dioxide (SO2) is produced by combustion of coal and petroleum. In human beings, it causes respiratory problems. It also produces acid rain.

Nitrogen oxides (NO, N2O) are produced when nitrogen and oxygen combine together at high temperature in any combustion process. These gases cause the reddish-brown haze (brown-air) which is responsible for respiratory diseases in human beings. They also cause acid rain due to formation of HNO3.

Secondary Air Pollutants and their Effects

Photochemical smog contains pollutants like ozone, oxides of nitrogen, and peroxylacetyl nitrate (PAN). It is often called brown air

GENERAL: 
Subjects: 
Exam / Class: 

(News) Foreign Examinations Recognised Equivalent to CBSE SSC Examination

List of Other Country Board Examinations Recognized As Equivalent To The SSC (Class 12) Exams of CBSE, New Delhi

1. The Intermediate Examination of the Intermediate and Secondary Education, Dacca (Bangladesh).
2. The Cambridge Higher School Certificate Examination.
3. The Intermediate Examination (Arts and Science) of the University of London.
4. The Intermediate Examination of the University of Rangoon.
5. The General Certificate of Education of the United Kingdom with at least five subjects at Ordinary level and with at least two at Advanced level.
6. The International Examination of the Dacca University, Dacca (Bangladesh).
7. The Intermediate Examination (Arts, Science and Commerce) of Karachi University, Karachi (Pakistan).
8. The Completion of the III grade of the Assumption Commercial College, Bangkok, Thailand as equivalent to I.Com. Examination.
9. The Intermediate Examination of the Board of Secondary Education, Punjab Lahore (West Pakistan).
10. The Pre-Medical Examination of the Maryland (U.S.A.) University as equivalent to the I.Sc. (Medical for purposes of admission to the M.B.B.S. Course).
11. The Pre-Medical examination of the Santo Tomas University, Manila, Philippines as equivalent to the Pre-Medical Examination for purposes of admission to the M.B.B.S. Course.
12. The Intermediate Examination of the Peshawar University (West Pakistan).
13. The Baccalaureate Examination (French).
14. The I.Sc./I.Com. Examination of the Tribhuwan University (Nepal).
15. Inter (Arts) Examination of Tribhuwan University.
16. Certificate level Business (Administration, Commerce and Public Administration) Examination of Tribhuwan University (Nepal) recognised as equivalent to 1st year B.Com. (Pass)-Old Course.
17. Certificate level (Science) Examination of Tribhuwan University (Nepal) as equivalent to 1st year B. Sc. (General)-Old Course.
18. 12th Grade (Grade IV Final Examination) of the Iron New Education System as equivalent to Senior School Certificate (Class – 12) Examination of C.B.S.E., New Delhi (for purposes of admission to undergraduate science course only).
19. American Embassy School, New Delhi as equivalent to Senior School Certificate (Class – 12) Examination of C.B.S.E., New Delhi.
20. 12th Grade Examination of the Ministry of Education, Afghanistan.
21. 12th Grade Examination (Baccalaureate Examination) of the Ministry of Education (Deptt. of Sec. Edn.), Afghanistan.
22. ’O’ and ‘A’ level Examinations of the Ministry of Education, Africa (East).
23. East African Certificate Examination (12th Grade) of the Ministry of Education, Africa (East).
24. ’O’ and ‘A’ level Examinations (12th standard) of the East African Examination Council International School, Africa (East).
25. Maturity Examination (12th Grade) of the Ministry of Foreign Examinations Bulgaria.
26. High School 12th Grade of the Ministry of Education, Belgium (Brussels).
27. High School Grade 12/12th Grade Diploma from International School, Belgium (Brussels).
28. Secondary School General Certificate (12th Grade) Examinati

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